4NH026 Health Needs Assessment(HNA): Answer

Introduction

Health Need Assessment is a type of systematic method of review, in which the health issues which are faced by the population need to be discussed. There are several priorities present and all these priorities and resources need to be taken into consideration. Following all these steps will improve health and will also reduce inequalities. There are three components of needs assessment and these are initiation, data collection, and analysis. In this section, the profile of people who are targeted is Sandwell, England. Health assessment is highly important as it will help to identify the medical needs of the patient (Gruber et al., 2019). The patient's health is assessed when a physical examination of the patient is conducted. An adequate care plan needs to be developed and it will help to identify the specific needs of the person and how it will be addressed (Stoto et al., 2019). It has been observed that several changes are present and these need to be addressed. The level of health disparity is high and it is important to bridge this gap. In the later part of the essay, the target population needs to be chosen so the care plan should be developed accordingly.

Profile for a Local Geographical Area; Exploring Factors Impacting Upon the Health of the People Living Within This Area

This profile provides a picture of the people s health in Sandwell. This is designed in a way that acts like a conversation starter. This will help the local government and the health services to understand the needs of the community, so they can work together to improve the health of the people and reduce all the inequalities which are present. The health of the people in Sandwell is diverse when compared with the average of England. Sandwell is one of the 20% most deprived unitary or district authorities in England. In this region, about 25% of the children live in low-income families (Basu et al., 2021). The life expectancy rate of both men and women is lower than the average in England. There is a high level of life expectancy found in this region, it is about 8.6 years lower for men, and 8 years lower for women. When a child's health is considered, health inequality is also observed there. About 28.3% of the children are classified as obese and it is worse when compared to the average in England. The rate of alcohol-specific hospital admission is also high. It has been mentioned that about 20 admissions were presented last year. The level of teenage pregnancy and breastfeeding is also high and it is worse when compared to England's average (Nicodemo et al., 2020).

When adult health is considered it has been mentioned that the rate of alcohol-related harm hospital admission is about 641. Other than this the rate of self-harm hospital admission is mentioned to be 176, this is much better than the average for England. However, the estimated level of excess weight in adults who are aged above 18 years and physically active adults aged above 19 years, is worse than the average in England. The rate of sexually transmitted disease or infection is serious and it kills a large number of people, which is above average than the general England population (Saunders et al., 2019). The rate of hip fracture in older people who are aged 65 years above is high, and this is also much worse than the average England population. In addition to it, the rate of homelessness is much better than England's average. The rate of violent crime or also known as hospital admission for violence is much worse than the average of England. Other than this, the under-75 mortality rate from cardiovascular disease and under-75 mortality rate from cardiovascular disease, the under-75 mortality rate from employment and cancer, are worse than England's average. The determinants of health are high and it needs to be taken care of (Plant et al., 2020).

The mental health of the people is affected, in Sandwell mortality rate due to suicide and injury due to. About 11.8 per 100,000 are at risk of mental health. When the adults are consulted in 2017, the estimated prevalence of common health is done. For adults, several strategies are adopted to improve health. In the year 2020/21, 0.6% of Black Country STP recorded on GP registers are suffering from Dementia. When the premature mortality rate is recorded, it was observed that the rate was high. In addition to it, it has also been estimated that the rate is significantly higher than England's average. However, certain diseases are preventable such as cardiovascular, respiratory, liver, and cancer. In addition, in 2020, Sandwell recorded the second-highest age standardization rate of mortality is high. There are several smoking-attributable deaths witnessed in England (Burns et al., 2021).

The rate of boroughs in England is 261.1 when compared to the rate in overall England. The number of deaths that are involved at the time of COVID in 2020 is 245 per 100,000, and it was recorded to be the highest in the West Midland region. In the West Midlands region, there are several changes in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020. It has been attributed to a large extent, and it accounts for a reduction of about 1.4 years in males and about 1.1 years in females. As the age progresses, those who are aged 30 years hurt the life expectancy between 2019 to 2020. With age, the deaths among those who are aged above 30 hurt life expectancy between 2019 and 2020. The percentage of deaths among males is high when compared to females (Ward et al., 2021).

Several factors affect the health of people in Sandwell, England and these are mentioned below. Access to a healthy diet should be present, public risk communication should be present, and public health nuisance is needed, along with it air quality is also affected. The health of the people living in the area is affected, respiratory status is affected and also cardiovascular strength is declined, this will improve health status. On a large scale, health is affected, and the social determinants play a vital role. If the surrounding conditions are not that well then health can be impacted greatly. Hence, the maintenance of social determinants of health is highly vital to maintaining a high quality of life. Other than this it has been noticed that employment opportunities are low, which affects the lifestyle. Several inequalities need to be addressed as this impacts the care process (Zaman et al., 2021).

Choice of the Target Population

The target population which is chosen is adulthood, this target population which is chosen because a large number of people are adults, hence, policies should be designed in a way that will allow the adult population to grow. There are several responsibilities of adults and due to pressure in lifestyle, they are at high risk of getting affected by any disease. Several changes are noticed among adults, these are: life expectancy is decreased and causes of death, injuries, and ill health should be controlled. In addition to it, there are several risk factors and these factors need to be considered, several inequalities are present, there are wider determinants of health, and health protection needs to be established. Several interventions are adopted and all these interventions are aimed to improve the quality and well-being of life. Some of these interventions are psychosocial, educational, mindfulness, physical, pharmacological, telemedicine, and exercise (Kulu & Dorey, 2021).

In the educational interventions, the patient has been educated about how to take care of their health. It will help to guide the patient and provide them assistance on how to take care of their health. As per the psychologist, improving the quality of life implies achieving satisfaction across several aspects and this includes several things. Physical and emotional well-being needs to be established, and engagement and social relationship needs to be established. Along with it professional and personal development needs to be maintained, it also includes new learning skills. The early interventions that need to be adopted, majorly focus on supporting the four key aspects of child development and which are: cognitive, physical, behavioral, social, and emotional (Verma et al., 2021). When all these interventions are adopted at an early stage then it will prevent complications at a later stage. The major aim of the intervention is to meet and identify the children's needs, all these are the fine developmental areas. The major reason for early intervention is to avoid any complications in the later stage of life. It also makes the patient more attentive toward their treatment plan.

There are several stages of human development and all these stages are explained. The first stage is the fetal stage, it has a detrimental effect on the postnatal growth. Good perinatal care is a highly essential factor while promoting fetal health and it indirectly postnatal growth. The next stage is the postnatal stage, and it has a different stage, growth occurs and there might be some discontinuous stage. Several factors affect development and growth, some of these are genetic factors, fetal health, in several cases socioeconomic factors, and some family characteristics. All these are highly important, and they will help to target the population effectively. At every stage of life, certain requirements need to be taken care of, these are highly effective. Psychosocial development is highly important and there is trust and mistrust in infancy, this will improve the well-being (Berghs et al., 2021).

There are several clinical significance and these need to be understood. The target population here is adults, hence every intervention which is adopted needs to be taken care of. In the adult population, there is a high chance that the interventions are designed in such a way that they will improve the health and well-being of the people. There might be several changes present. All these changes need to be addressed and they should be worked on. Developmental screening is also important, this will help to study the developmental stage and work accordingly. It will also help to design the intervention plan and work accordingly. All clinicians need to work collaboratively and effectively. There is a high-risk factors such as prematurity, low birth weight, and lead exposure (Acharya et al., 2021).

Three Health-related needs for the Target Population

Sandwell is one of the most deprived districts in England and has 25.5% of children living in low-income families. It is found that the life expectancy in both males and females is a lower income than the average one in England. Health inequalities have been seen over the last 8.6 years which makes Sandwell a least deprived area. It is found that due to lack of resources the males and females are unable to take care of their requirements (Plant et al., 2020). It creates gaps in the areas that are reflected in males and females that are impacting life. In year 6, the children will be classified as obese and worse than an average England. It is showing the majority of admission in healthcare settings is due to hospital admission among the age group of 18-25. In addition, another area is found to be adult health which is due to the rate of self-harm and excess weight in adults. It is a potential indicator of new sexually transmitted infections and serious injuries among people (MacFarlane, 2018). Analysis of the health-related need shows that food safety, health issues and mental health. Following are the health necessities for the selected population groups.

Food safety is a scientific term that is a method of handling, preparing and storage of food in a way that is preventing foodborne illness (Barry & Blythe, 2018). The occurrence of food insecurity will lead to a disturbance in the population. It is needed to provide food to the population that helps in the control of epidemic conditions like foodborne diseases and outbreaks. In 2009, the compliance with the food standard in Sandwell was found to be 68 per cent which is compared with the national average of 80% (Caulfield et al., 2019). There was an obesogenic environment that consists of a choice of transport, access to the green space and leisure facilities that is making the population able to get the source of health and affordable food. Change in health behaviour is important that requires transport choices, and access to green spaces and leisure facilities. In addition, due to the lack of food safety; foodborne diseases are found to be the major cause of illness in the Uk that imposes a significant burden on the patient and economy (Van Dijk et al., 2019). It is a contributor to the lies due to which the child of 3 years to 6 years is found to be obese and overweight. It seems as important to look for the level of risk that is associated with the interventions and high geographical risk areas. Taking the consideration of the connectivity of the road networks and the local population density. It is seen that the deprivation of food and fast food accessibility is there that leads to the overweight and obese condition

(Forte, 2019). People tend to take fast food very high as high distance makes them unwilling to access healthy food and makes them involved in the consumption of healthy food. Public health challenges will be seen as it is becoming very difficult to promote green and healthy food.

Public Health Nuisances comprise a wide range of public health challenges that includes noise, pollution, smells and housing disrepair. Immediate environmental change is important for the immediate response that is evidenced by poor physical and mental health. It is a highly compliant area in Abbey, Soho, and Lyng wards. In the areas of Sandwell, weighted and unweighted areas are differentiated. It will make the identification of plausible causes, physical and social, that define the multiple deprivation score (Sandwell 2018). The distribution of land sites and industrial processes areas will seem to be high areas that need to be dealt with. There is strong evidence in the poor physical and mental well-being environment that is directly impacting the lives of people daily. It is found that the person seems to be encountered with a combination of stresses that will generate increasing complaints. Street canyons restrict air movements and increase residence within the canyon street (Gale & Sidhu,2019). It is seen that on the surface the rates are dependent on the nature of the surface which is making an increment in the level of concentration of pollution. Deposition rates are much higher on hard surfaces like brick and surface temperature increases.

Mental health is a concerning issue for the mortality rate due to suicide. It is seen that the 100,000 population is 11.8 in 2018/20 as compared to 10.4 in England. With the Sandwell region, the estimated prevalence is about 21.9 per cent of people belonging to the age group of 15 and over. It is seen that black country STP residents of all ages are suffering from the issue of dementia which is found to be high in England (Levkoe et al., 2019). To address the mental health needs of the Sandwell population, it is found that a team is allocated for the services. But it is found that the team has low self-esteem and will not be able to develop a supportive relationship. It will make them not able to listen to the problems that are not always required for the support of medical and building relationships. Various tools have been used that are leading to excellent customer service. From 2009 to 2011 secondary mental health by which support and interventions are helping in reducing demand and enabling mental health target services (Buck et al., 2018).

The above three health needs are involved in the Sandwell population that is food safety, Public Health Nuisances and Mental health. Food safety will be seen in terms of preventing the public health challenges that are causing an estimated 48 million illnesses and 3,000 deaths each year. Foodborne illness usually causes infection or toxicity that is making bacteria, viruses and other pathogens enter the system and then contaminate it (Abel et al., 2018). It will lead to acute poisoning or long-term diseases such as cancer. The second is about the Public Health Nuisances that are making the insect or rodent infestation that is leading to drug manufacturing and unsafe living conditions. It is improperly stored waste that makes the contamination of food take place which leads to the illness. It is found that injury, obstruction and danger will hamper the rights of an individual. Lastly, mental health includes the emotional, psychological and social well-being that is affecting the mindset that how an individual thinks, feels and acts (Sonnino et al., 2019). It is found that in the Sandwell population, mental health is one of the major issues that is leading to an inability of people to live peacefully. In the Sandwell population, mental health is a concerning issue for the mortality rate due to suicide. It is seen that the 100,000 population is 11.8 in 2018/20 as compared to 10.4 in England. It requires a supportive relationship between the provider and service user that is leading to dealing with the target issues. The well-being hub and networks will address the priorities of a minority of patients and end up providing secondary care that addresses mental health issues (Reed & Keech, 2019). It is seen that responding to the patient by mapping the network of support and community assets is found to be important.

Health-related needs:The primary responsibility of controlling food safety is addressing the need of the Sandwell population, providing the quality of food and inspecting all types of food. It is seen that the establishing whether food is being handled, produced and served/sold hygienically. It is found that food safety in the population seems to be a constant that is requiring the management of food that is handled and sold hygienically (Bayliss et al., 2018). It ensures the handling, storing and distribution of food in the population. The second is about establishing whether the food is safe to eat or not. It is important to take care of the food safety that leads to health concerns. The safety of food is assured by performing microbiological testing and analysis. Four types of  

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