BIOL122- Human Biological Science 2 Assessment Answer

Introduction

The presentation is describing the pathophysiology and pharmacological management of a patient suffering from arthritis.

It will provide information about clinical manifestations, and pharmacological management of osteoarthritis (Vina & Kwoh, 2018).

The condition is explained in the case study which helps in understanding osteoarthritis and its signs and symptoms.

Background of Client

The Physiological Organisation of Articular Cartilage and Synovial joints

Articular cartilage is a thin layer of specialised connective tissues with viscoelastic properties (Nelson, 2018).

Synovial joints are common types of joints in the body. It is of four types: elbow, shoulder and joints in the arm and knee and hip joints in the leg.

Synovial fluid is present in the knee that is viscous and non-newtonian fluid in the cavity of synovial joints.

The role of fluid is to reduce friction between the articular surfaces and facilitate movement between the joints.

Source: medlineplus,com

Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis

It will lead to an active response toward the articular cartilage and make the inflammatory cells get into the surrounding tissue (Hawker, 2019).

It is found that at some stage irreversible matrix degeneration is there that will lead to the loss of cartilage.

Misalignment and loss of congruence seem to be a potential reasons for progressive osteoarthritis (Hermann et al., 2018).

Clinical Manifestations of Osteoarthritis

Following are the clinical manifestations of the condition that include

Pain: affected joints will be hurting during or after the movement.

Stiffness: It is the feeling that the motion of a joint is limited or difficult. It is seen that an individual requires more effort in terms of movement (Mandl 2019).

Bone spurs: It is the extra bits of bone that is feeling like hard lumps that are forming around the affected joint.

Joint injuries: Any kind of injuries that happen while playing and accidents increase the risk of osteoarthritis.

Obesity is about carrying the extra body weight that creates pressure on joints and increases the risk for hips, knees and joints. Fat tissues that are present in surroundings are causing harmful inflammation in and around the joints (Mora et al., 2018).

All these are the clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis that are impacting the functioning of joints and their mobility.

Treatment and Management for Osteoarthritis

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like acetaminophen reverse and slow the progression of osteoarthritis.

Topical medication in the forms of analgesic patches, rubs, creams, and sprays is applied over the skin of affected areas to relieve pain.

Supportive devices help in decreasing stress on affected joints. Shoe lifts, canes and walkers take pressure off certain joints and improve the body (O’Neill & Felson, 2018).

Exercise is important to improve flexibility and muscle strength. It will improve the signs and symptoms of the progression of diseases.

Weight control works in a way that manages excess weight and improves osteoarthritis.

It is important to take the implementation of all these interventions as Janne is improving their condition. It will help in reducing the chances of falls in the future.

Differentiation Between Two Types of Arthritis

In osteoarthritis, inflammation is considered the secondary symptom while in rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune and inflammatory disease is causing pain and swelling in affected areas (O'Neill et al., 2018).

 Second is osteoarthritis is gradually developing in the cartilage in the joint that is gradually progressing while in rheumatoid arthritis, it tends to develop and worsen the signs and symptoms after the onset in a gradual week.

 Lastly, the location in OA is the knees, finger and thumb joints while in RA the whole body is involved rather than joints.

Conclusion 

Gaining the facts and information about osteoarthritis will help in the management of the condition of patients. It allows the identification of clinical manifestations that will help in deciding the nursing interventions.

Source: medical.com

References

Hawker, G. A. (2019). Osteoarthritis is a serious disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 37(Suppl 120), 3-6.

Hermann, W., Lambova, S., & Muller-Ladner, U. (2018). Current treatment options for osteoarthritis. Current rheumatology reviews, 14(2), 108-116.https://doi.org/10.2174/1573397113666170829155149

Mandl, L. A. (2019). Osteoarthritis year in review 2018: clinical. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 27(3), 359-364.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.11.001

Mora, J. C., Przkora, R., & Cruz-Almeida, Y. (2018). Knee osteoarthritis: pathophysiology and current treatment modalities. Journal of pain research, 2189-2196.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S154002

Nelson, A. E. (2018). Osteoarthritis year in review 2017: clinical. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 26(3), 319-325.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.11.014

O’Neill, T. W., & Felson, D. T. (2018). Mechanisms of osteoarthritis (OA) pain. Current osteoporosis reports, 16, 611-616.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-018-0477-1

O'Neill, T. W., McCabe, P. S., & McBeth, J. (2018). Update on the epidemiology, risk factors and disease outcomes of osteoarthritis. Best practice & research Clinical rheumatology, 32(2), 312-326.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2018.10.007

Sacitharan, P. K. (2019). Ageing and osteoarthritis. Biochemistry and cell biology of ageing: part II clinical science, 123-159.https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_6

Vina, E. R., & Kwoh, C. K. (2018). Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: literature update. Current opinion in rheumatology, 30(2), 160.https://doi.org/10.1097%2FBOR.0000000000000479

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