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  • Subject Code : bsbpmg518
  • Subject Name : procurement management

Assessment 1

Activity 1A

  • The objective of this project is to give an opportunity to identify the procurement requirements with reference to the stakeholders to develop an appropriate procurement planning.

  • The stakeholders of the project can include the clients, employees, directors, investors, creditors, suppliers and contractors. The expectations and suggestions depends upon the interest of each of the stakeholders.

  • The considerations to be made before the procurement planning are to identify the scope of the procurement, the resources required and cost of the procurement. The potential risks and the factors on which the procurement depends (Hashim et al. 2017).

  • Breaking down of the project into various sections so that it could be easily managed is defined as work breakdown structure. It is also helpful in determining the risks of the procurement.

  • Budget review is to analyse how the funds will be allocated for the work breakdown structure. The budget review should fulfil the expectations of the stakeholders.

  • There are procedures which describe all the steps that should be followed to make a procurement planning and use of standard templates is done.

  • There is a requirement for the resource analysis that are available or the resources which are needed. Lateral thinking is required for the resource analysis.

  • The types of resources include the raw materials used, the supply of the raw materials, the work force, site buildings, energy and utilities.

  • Service level agreements are the agreements signed between the two parties one is the customer party and the other one is the service provider.

  • Hierarchy of the sourcing and criteria is made before the selection of a new supplier. The criteria include, cost, delivery, quality and safety of the product.

  •  The document which describes the activities, timelines and delivery of the product that vendors agree is the statement of work.

  • The available vendor supply options are: formal tender contract, heads of agreement, preferred supplier agreement, request for proposal, request for information and request for quotation.

Activity 1B

  • For the proper communication regarding procurement arrangements include board meetings, forums, presentations, one to one meetings in between the stakeholders (Gupta 2019).

  • The processes that can be used for the procurement of the resources will include the types of suppliers contracts and formal tender contracts, the heads of the agreement, proposal request, quotation request and expert advice.

  • The monitoring and evaluation of the procurement is done in the following steps: information gathering, supplier contract, background review, negotiations, fulfilment and renewal. 

  • The procurement objective should be procurement of proper goods. The objectives are set according to the timeline of the procurement.

  • A Gantt chart can be used as a representation of the time line and budget. This chart is made by laying out the project tasks.

  • An organizational chart is prepared which depicts the hierarchy of the authorities. It also explains the functions and responsibilities of the authorities. 

  • Contract administration is the print of the management contract and the adherence to all the sections of the procurement.

  • Contract closure processes include the verification of the product and the procurement audits. It ensures that everyone agrees that the delivery is made on time.

  • Statement of work gives the scope, purpose of work, the location of work and performance periods. The delivery schedule is also defined in this document.

  • Procurement statement work is a document that defines the timeline for the delivery of the product and the purpose for the requirement of the raw materials.

  • The potential risks for the procurement are dependent on the nature of the project. It can be major or minor. These risk factors are responsible for the procurement planning.

  • Key performance indicators depend on the procurement requirements. The indicators decide the timeline and the delivery and cost of the procurement.

Activity 2A

  1. The suppliers for the procurement process must be capable to fulfil the requirements of the project. To decide which supplier should be chosen the information of the suppliers should be obtained. The information may include the cost they can offer, the quality of the materials provided, the delivery of the supplier and the service of the supplier. The risk factors that affect the particular supplier are also taken into consideration. How conveniently the supplier could provide the materials, the social responsibility and other constraints of the supplier is also considered (Zhang et al. 2016).

  2. The information from the potential suppliers can be obtained by using various ways. The information can be collected by establishing a communication process between the suppliers and the vendors. The information is obtained in order to check whether the supplier can meet the selection criteria or not. Use of certain mix processes which are standardized procedures established for the gathering of information can be made. The documentation of the process of communicate should be done because it further helps in keeping the record of the information gathered from the suppliers.

  3. The selection procedure follows a criterion. The criteria include the following points: the availability of the goods and resources, the experience that the supplier carries, the financial condition and the reviews for the suppliers. It will also include the certifications of the supplier and the skill level of the people working there. the measures for the work and the safety taken by the suppliers can also be considered in the selection criteria of the suppliers (Kerzner 2017).

Activity 2B

  • The approval of procurement processes is based on the policies of the organizations and the project team. The approval is generally given in co ordinance with the finance department, the manager of the project, the sponsors and investors and the director or CEO of the company (Lauden 2016). 

  • The procedure for the approval includes the format of the proposal. The format of the proposal would clearly indicate the company name and the purpose for writing the proposal. The proposal can be in the form of an electronic mail, written, verbal or paper based.

  • The person to whom the proposal is written is dependent on the cost of the vendors and supplier. The cost required for providing the materials or goods are responsible form deciding whether the proposal given by the supplier will be approved or it will be rejected by the organizing team.

  • The template on which the proposal is made is also responsible for deciding the acceptance of the proposal. Various standard templates are established by the organization in which the proposal should be made. The template used should be proper and accepted by the project team.

  • The proposal should include the timeline for the delivery of the goods. The proposal will be accepted only if the suppliers meets the timeline set by the organization for the delivery of the raw materials. The time scale should be taken into consideration by the suppliers before stating the research proposal to the organization.

  • The content of the proposal must include the following points: the reason why the procurement process should be assigned to the supplier, the cost that implies for proving the goods, the time scale to be followed, the proper selection criteria should be followed and all the rules and regulations in accordance with the legal compliance should be followed.

Activity 3A

  1. Every organizations follows a code of ethics which has all the rules and regulations to be followed by the organization. It explains the moral and ethical behaviour to be followed by the people working under that organization. The ethical behaviour for the procurement may include the following: the business relationships between the vendors, suppliers and the customers should be managed with honesty and integrity. The harm caused to others due to the decisions made should be avoided. All the stakeholders of the organization should be considered equal. The social responsibility should support and promote the organization in a positive manner. The supplier selection should not be biased. Strategies should be developed to eliminate the unethical practices done by the stakeholders in the organization. The decisions regarding the procurement should be made by considering the impact of the decision the environment. Policies and procedures should be made in the procurement process so that the selection criteria maintain the code of ethics. Employee appraisal should be done so that they would follow the ethical code of the corporate. The procedures should be in place to report the practices which are unethical. The unethical practices include bribery, fraud and corruption. These unethical practices should be reported on time to the concerning authorities. The violation of the laws of the human rights is also considered as an unethical practice. The ethical practices followed by the workers of organization are respect of the co-workers, stakeholders and the clients. The conflicts which harm the reputation of the person or organization should be avoided. Ethics management for any organization is important for the procurement process. All the common moral values and standard ethical values based on the ethical theories stated by the organization should be followed by all the stakeholders of the corporate (Snellman, 2015).

Activity-3B

  1. Request for Quotation (RFQ) is a report used to request cites from respective vendors. These are most valuable while making things clear about the whole arrangement of specialized technological, and economic necessities, and when there is little contrast in the arrangements and aptitude offered by imminent vendors (Chu et al. 2019).

  2. The key components of a RFQ ought to incorporate, rates, clear specialized, utilitarian and different prerequisites, evaluating inclinations (for example fixed expense, time and materials, and so forth), and conveyance terms. 

  3. Before preparing any request for proposal, there is a need to go through the organizational structure, culture, specific requirements, statistics, background data, goals as well as future scope of the project and the previous performance of that organization.

  4. Organizations additionally need to incorporate their standard terms and conditions in the RFQ to guarantee the planned merchant considers those in their reaction. These can incorporate installment terms, repayment, appropriate to drop and other significant legally binding provisions (Stadnicka and Ratnayake 2018).

Activity-3C

  • Selecting the right vendor for any organization is one of the most crucial part as is not just like any other business deal rather, the organization is choosing a partner in its business and hence needs the most part of attention. Taking the final call on deciding the vendor should be based up on the analysis on several constraints like previous track record, experience in this field, flexibility for any random change in demand and supply chain, having a sustainable market strategy, meeting services with the given deadline etc. (De Marco 2018). Apart from these ethical values, there are some legal constraints too which highly influences the choice of determining vendor for the organization. Before choosing a particular supplier, it is needed to go through the banking, finance and other legal aspects to know about its compliance with the norms. compiling a report to the relevant authority further makes the final decision making process more easy as well as effective. 

  • Selecting the right vendor for any organization is one of the most crucial part as is not just like any other business deal rather, the organization is choosing a partner in its business and hence needs the most part of attention. Taking the final call on deciding the vendor should be based upon the report prepared to choose a right vendor for the organization is highly dependent on the review done by the administrative authorities (Storteboom et al. 2017). The decisions made by authority should be based upon the recommendations made which includes:

  • Assemble an assessment group.

  • Define the item, material or administration.

  • Define the specialized and business prerequisites.

  • Define the merchant prerequisites.

  • Reliability.

  • Quality. 

  • Strong administration and clear correspondence 

It is also needed to convey on schedule, or to be completely forthright and giving a lot of caution on the off chance that they can't. The best providers will need to converse with the organization consistently to discover what are the necessities and how they can serve it better. Based upon the recommendations made, it becomes easier for the organization to review as well as analyse the whole process and to make a better negotiation strategy which is the final part of choosing the vendor. And if it works, then provides a better contract with the vendor.

Activity-3D

  1. Contracts can be verbal (expressed), composed or a blend of both. A few sorts of agreement, for example, those for purchasing or selling land or money understandings must be recorded as a hard copy. Composed contracts may comprise of a standard structure understanding or a letter affirming the understanding. Verbal understandings depend on the great confidence everything being equal and can be hard to demonstrate. It is prudent (where conceivable) to ensure your business courses of action are recorded as a hard copy, to keep away from issues when attempting to demonstrate an agreement existed (Palguta and pertold 2017). Despite whether the agreement is verbal or composed, it must contain four fundamental components to be lawfully authoritative.

  2. For an agreement to be done with a vendor and to be synchronised with the organizational requirements there are four major areas which needs the attention. Giving an attractive quotation as well as offer is the first area, acknowledging the deal, managing cordial relations and having required resources are the essential requirements for making any contract.

  3. Vendors and outsider contracts are always a test for each association. Concentrate on key contract issues to address challenges from impacts of versatile, social, cloud and huge information on representative, merchant and client access and utilization of advanced data and administrations. If any particular clause is adamant for the organization, then it must be lying at the top of the order and the negotiation should be done accordingly.

  4. Making an effective negotiation is very different from just doing any other deal to reach at an agreement which can benefit the organization the most (Kakwezi and Nyeko 2019). It may require to implement unorthodox approaches to convert negotiation into agreements. Being prepared, analysing vendor’s history, other competitors, following transitional work, making a complete analysis of the organizational requirements and service provided by the organization are some of the key areas which greatly influences a negotiation.

Activity 4A

  1. Objectives that can be set for the procurement management plan for its effectiveness are (Sorunke 2016):

  • Support operational requirement with the help of procurement software 

  • Manage the procurement process based on the sound ethical norms and standards 

  • Development of strong relation and communication internally and externally with the organisations 

  • Developing the purchasing strategy according to the organisations objective

Modifications that can be made are:

  • Increase capabilities of the employees through their training and development program 

  • Maintaining good relations which suppliers

  • Use of contract management 

  1. To implement the modification, approvals that are required are:

  • According to the hierarchy, the above executives and the management permissions are required for conducting training of the employees. 

  • New supplier’s registration documents are required.

  •  Contractual closures with the suppliers should be documented. 

  1. While ridding the conflict, cannot be completely eliminated, the business manager should always just try to minimize the conflict current state in the company. Conflict attention draws attention away from the company ' needed duties. This can lead to lost time and productivity, which, if the issue is serious enough, can eventually lead to a loss of profitability. The Managers should try to solve the conflict as quickly as the situation becomes known to them. It can be harmful to the company to ignore it in hopes it will go away on its own.

  1. Conflict can exist in any situation where facts, distress or desires pull or push participants against each other. Internal Conflict happens as poor communication, different values, Different Views, personality clashes, scarce resources, and poor performance. External conflict occurs due to the dispute between organisation and the suppliers, or other organisation. 

Ways to manage internal & external conflict in the organization 

  • Listen actively employee’s perspective

  • Conduct meeting at regular interval

  • Adopt business guidelines (Rahim 2017)

  • Build long tern relationship with suppliers and organisation.

  1. While ridding the conflict, cannot be completely eliminated, the business manager should always just try to minimize the conflict current state in the company. Conflict attention draws attention away from the company ' needed duties. This can lead to lost time and productivity, which, if the issue is serious enough, can eventually lead to a loss of profitability. The Managers should try to solve the conflict as quickly as the situation becomes known to them. It can be harmful to the company to ignore it in hopes it will go away on its own.

Activity 4B

  1. Management procurement issues are:

  • Risk Mitigation:

The most prevalent form of risk is market risks, prospective fraud, price, quality, and shipping risks. In addition, compliance hazards such as anti-corruption, adherence to policies, and more are keeping your procurement leaders up all night.

  • Dark Purchasing:

Purchases that are made outside the defined procurement process fall under dark purchasing. Such uncontrolled spending can ultimately be expensive for businesses.

  • Long Process Cycle from ordering to procuring the material 

  • Inaccurate data for making the purchase leads to shortage in the inventory shortage or excess inventory. 

  • Suppliers issues is the greatest challenge in procurement that the management faces. The entire process is packed with complications, ranging from finding the correct provider to maintaining track of vendor results and ensuring stable supply of quality products. 

New procurement difficulties are on the increase as the market and technology continue to develop. Understanding the complexities of procurement-to-pay, supplier management, and contract management will assist companies remain ahead of the contest and fulfil their procurement objectives (Asadabadi 2019).

Remedial action to resolve the issues are:

  • Performance review of the workforce

  • Regular budgetary updates that affect the economic status of all connections in your supply chain, including budgetary modifications, will go a long way towards addressing this issue.

  • Comprehensive procurement should be built to safely procure the prompt orders and goods

  • Consider other negotiation alternatives before choosing a rigid provider. Is the provider able to pay for shipping? Are there discounts for large orders? Some wiggle space for negotiation is often found by a qualified procurement specialist like yourself and you'll look great to do it.

  • Adopting a protocol allowing more than one individual to approve is one safeguard against procurement errors

Activity 5A

Vendor 1

Contract requirement

Action to be taken

Procedure to implement action

Quality delivery

Should ensure quality material delivery 

Service quality operator should access the quality weekly

Responsiveness

Service should be responsive

Lead time should be decrease and industrial manager should ensure that suppliers should not lack with material

Delivery performance

Packaging and delivery should be timely

Delivery management offices that manages the timely delivery should be employed

Price-cost performance

Best price in the market

Reduce transportation cost

And Improve high speed communication 

Vendor 2

Contract requirement

Action to be taken

Procedure to implement action

Quality delivery

Quality service should be provided

Quality of service provider should have weekly access to quality

Responsiveness

Highly responsive service

Lead time should be reduced and the manager of the industrial should guarantee that the provider do not lack with material

Delivery performance

Provide timely deliveries 

Delivery management offices that manages the timely delivery should be employed

Price-cost performance

Provide service at optimum price

Reduce transportation cost and Improve high speed communication 

Procurement process is always involved with last minute urgencies that comes while procuring the material. Some of the last minute challenges that a organisation can face while getting procurement process conducted are:

• Delays in the preparation of technical specifications / TOR / SOW 

• Overlooking the procurement timetable 

• Extending the timeline for submitting bids / proposals 

• Non-time beginning of the assessment process 

• Contract negotiation setbacks

Activity 5B

  1. A few kinds of procurement documents that are available are (Tumuhairwe and Ahimbisibwe 2016):

  • RFI (Request for data)- is submitted by the vendor that the goods and the materials satisfy the requirement presented by the buyers

  • RFP— in this the vendors to submit a proposition on a particular product or service, often through a bidding process.

  • Contracts Document – this type of contracts refers to final agreements that is signed between the organisation and the vendors.

  • Solicitations Documents- are the one those state the bid invitations, quotation request and the proposal. This contact mainly serves as the binding contract.

  • Amendments Document - This refers to any changes in solicitations, offers and contracts. Amendments/Modifications have to be in the form of a written document.

  • RFQ - Request for quotation document is possessed by the company when a products specification is known already or when price is the only factor which affects the selection process of a bidder.

  • Offers Document – are the type of procurement documents in which bid and the price given by the suppliers. 

  1. Metrics to consider when measuring the effectiveness of procurement processes and procedures include:

  • Money spent on procurement team is according to the allocated budged

  • operating cost including:

  • wages

  • facilities

  • software

  • equipment

  • ROI (return on investment) should be high

  • Percentage of supply quality defects of the vendor- By dividing the number of understandard products by the total number of products purchased, it can be calculated. The smaller the proportion, the better the quality.

  • Satisfaction of the Stakeholder 

  • The average time taken to get the good 

  1. Metric effectiveness of the procurement process is:

Metric used to measure effectiveness

Success Rate

Suggested Improvement to the process

Money Spent on the procuring the items 

High success rate 

NA

Operating cost 

Medium success rate 

Lean management and Kanban tool can be applied to reduce the cost and eliminate unnecessary items 

ROI

Medium 

Reduces cost of labour, make the process more objective oriented

Defect percentage in material provided by the vendor

Very less defect observed

Continue to build and develop relation with the vendors 

Stakeholders Satisfaction 

High

Continue to main relation with stakeholders and satisfy their needs and demands

Procurement Time

Medium success rate

Decrease lead time, 

Manage operations 

Activity-5C

Having an efficient procurement policy is one of the most important factor on which rest other performances are depending. Guaranteeing effectiveness in the acquisition procedure has a positive chain response inside your whole association. The goals of a world-class acquirement association are a long way past the conventional conviction that acquisition's essential job is to get merchandise and enterprises in light of inward needs (Minnullina, 2017). Truth be told, an effective acquirement procedure plans to enhance the entire procedure to make critical business esteem. The qualitative analysis method is adopted for drafting the procurement process of the organization

Information evaluation which included the constraints like previous track record, experience in this field, flexibility for any random change in demand and supply chain, having a sustainable market strategy, meeting services with the given deadline etc. is done physically and results exhibited in a type of rates and organizations structure. In order to improve and adopt better practices for procurement policies the organization needs to implement some of the below mentioned practices into their structure:

  • Developing an effective strategy for managing contracts.

  • Providing target centric training activities to enable employees in dealing with contracts.

  • Keeping a healthy and cordial relation with all vendors as the acquisition expert should be encompassed by a gathering of cheerful and qualified providers. Obviously, an offer solicitation can be put out to new merchants at whatever point you need an item and administration however those offers will set aside a colossal measure of effort to finish.

Having a better procurement policy will improve the organization in making an effective policy to evaluate and negotiate the deal to make the final contract agreement to further improve the organization’s output. 

Assessment 2

  1. The procurement requirements of the project should fulfil all the project objectives. The main procurement requirements in a manufacturing company are raw materials and goods, work force, suppliers, vendors, procurement softwares and resources. All the requirement for the procurement should satisfy the stakeholders. The stakeholders have a direct influence on determining the procurement requirements. the requirements of the stakeholders have an influence on the procurement planning management because they play a major role in the management plan.

  • The selection criteria for the selection of the suppliers include, experience, stability, good financial condition, good service, timely delivery, quality and safety regulations, skill level of the employees, certifications and convenience (Loader, 2015). The supplier chosen followed all the criteria and was appropriate for selection. The quality and safety management was 14%, the delivery was timely and the cost constraints were high. The supplier selected meets the highest score for the selection criteria.

  • The contract type used was fixed price contract. In fixed price contract type the price is fixed and not negotiable. This type of contract type was used because the prices were fixed and the suppliers cannot negotiate on the prices set by the manufacturers (Loader, 2015). Moreover, the project has all the details and the scope for any changes is minimal so this is the suitable type of contract to be chosen. The potential risk for the manufacturer is less.

  • The negotiations in the terms and conditions was made for the suppliers. The terms and conditions considered for negotiations were price of goods/services, payment mode, responsibilities of the organization, the method of delivery and the time of delivery, the refund and return policy, confidentiality, intellectual property rights, health and safety policies and the liability policies. These terms and condition was selected because they provide a successful negotiation for both the parties.

  • The general conditions of the supply contracts are: goods and services cost, payment and delivery methods, usage of those goods and services, refunding policy, after sales services, goods damage policies, customer complaint services, policy of cancellation, the legalities, responsibilities of the suppliers, warranty issues, application of the terms and conditions and their definition in the contract (Soleimani & Valmohammadi, 2017). The general terms and conditions should be easy an important for the contract. They should be made clear for both the parties.

  • The legislations that are relevant for the supply contracts are Disability Discrimination Act 1992, Age Discrimination Act 2004, Racial Discrimination Act 2007 and Sex Discrimination Act 1984. The national standards followed are according to the standards of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACC). The codes for the ethics are limits of authority, and organizational policy and procedures.

  • Businesses can deploy logistics management software tailored to their individual needs by partnering with a vendor specializing in software development. Pioneers in software development such as Fingent, which the organisation uses, who have over a decade's expertise in the sector can help companies from wholesale to e-commerce with the benefit of custom logistics to spearhead their activities quickly and efficiently. These software’s makes it easy for the organisation to store data such as address, name or the contact details of the suppliers, and also provide a fully monitoring strategy, which the organisation can use in the future to monitor the suppliers and keep a check on them. 

  • The ethical behaviours that were taken into consideration for the selection of the supplier were: the supplier should manage all business relationships with integrity and honesty, all the stakeholders should be considered equal, no biased decision for the selection of the supplier, causing harm to others for business profit should be avoided, all the social and corporate responsibilities should be supported and promoted, procurement strategies that eliminate unethical should be formulated, employee appraisal should be done, the effect on the environment should be considered in making all the policies, and all the unethical practices and behaviours should be reported to the authority (Ferri et al., 2016).

Assessment 3

  1. A WBS is a product-oriented grouping of project elements organizing and defining the project's overall scope. An increasingly comprehensive description is represented by each descending stage of the WBS. Project work "decomposition" remains until each project component is specified in appropriate job packages to be allocated for completion. As a combination of the product breakdown structure (PBS) and the activity breakdown structure (ABS) defined for each level, WBS for procurement can be structured. The procurement for this assignment is described below (for a steam crackling plant manufacturing industry):

  1. Defining and outlining the main duties of the [ management] procurement team:

  • Buyer:

is an individual who chooses an appropriate supplier and problems instructions for purchase. Buyer prepares a list of potential vendors to be submitted for approval to the Manager (the buyer's list). 

  • Procuring Officer:

A person who communicates and negotiates directly with vendors is assigned this role. The individual is liable for transmitting the application for suggestions (RFPs) from the buyer's list to the authorized suppliers

  • Manager:

It is a role of taking responsibility for supervision and management. Procurement Manager leads the purchasing division's work, including Purchasing Officer and Buyer's tasks and activities.

  • Director:

Purchasing director is the individual in the procurement team responsible for engaging in high- valued agreements and who establishes the long term path and strategy of procurement processes and facilities for the procurement documents. 

  • Analyst:

Purchasing analysis is a person who, by submitting procurement reports, takes care to inform upper management of the status and progress of the purchasing process. Purchasing analysis is responsible for monitoring spending activity against contracts and non-contracted spending and ensuring best practices in procurement and compliance with policies.

  1. Selection of Suppliers: 

When evaluating suppliers, evaluating them on the basis of their skills, capabilities and resources would be prudent (Albano et al., 2015). Breaking down a little further one must look for the following when choosing a provider: 

  • Financial safety: it is always worth making sure that your provider has adequately powerful money flow to supply whenever you need it. A credit check will assist convince you that if you need them most, they will be able to go out of company.

  • Reliability: The provider must be a credible provider in the ability to supply products on moment and in the correct quantity at the appropriate location. A supplier not committed ends up disappointing the project team and the customer in turn as the product or service cannot be delivered on time. 

  • Value for cash: the highest value for cash is not always the smallest cost. If you want your suppliers to be reliable and quality, you need to decide how much you are willing to pay for your supplies and how much you want to balance between cost, reliability, quality and service.

  • Quality: For a particular intent, each product is arranged. The provider must guarantee that content supplied on site fits for intent otherwise it will adversely affect the project and even lead in inability to meet project goals. 

  • Clear service-oriented communication: you need your suppliers to deliver on time, or be honest and warn you if they can. The finest providers are going to want to speak to you on a regular basis to figure out what you need and how they serve you better. This also allows the supplier to know whether the quality or quantity of goods is changing or not.

  • A partnership approach: both sides will benefit from a strong relationship. You want your providers to recognize how crucial their company is to them, so they create every attempt to deliver the finest possible service. And by demonstrating your provider how essential they are to your company, you are more probable to generate this reaction.

  1. Approval application for procurement process involves the following steps in accordance with the company’s procedure is described in the figure below:

Fig.1: Stages of procurement process; Source: Self (2019)

  1. Ethics plays a significant part in procurement, and as technology and consumer behaviour shift are regarded more significant. Being ethical means being in accordance with the correct behaviour or training guidelines or norms that the company follows and demands, particularly Ethics in Procurement. Acquisition involves selecting providers, evaluating, negotiating, signing off agreements and giving providers company. Procurement should handle them fairly and unbiasedly when communicating with providers (Renukappa et al., 2016).

References

Albano, G. L., Antellini Russo, F., Castaldi, G., & Zampino, R. (2015). Evaluating Small Businesses' Performance in Public e‐Procurement: Evidence from the Italian Government's e‐Marketplace. Journal of Small Business Management, 53, 229-250.

Asadabadi, M.R. and Sharpe, K., (2019). The ambiguity dilemma in procurement projects. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 34(4), pp.792-800.

Chu, L. Y., Rong, Y., and Zheng, H. (2019). Strategic Benefit of Request for Proposal/Quotation.

De Marco. A. (2018). Procurement Management. In Project Management for Facility Constructions (pp. 149-154). Springer, Cham.

Ferri, L. M., Oelze, N., Habisch, A., & Molteni, M. (2016). Implementation of responsible procurement management: An institutional perspective. Business Strategy and the Environment, 25(4), 261-276.

Gupta, V., (2019). Procurement Strategies for Digital Supply Chains: Concepts and Best Practices. In Technology Optimization and Change Management for Successful Digital Supply Chains (pp. 17-38). IGI Global.

Hashim, M., Nazam, M., Yao, L., Baig, S.A., Abrar, M. and Zia-ur-Rehman, M., (2017). 

Application of multi-objective optimization based on genetic algorithm for sustainable strategic supplier selection under fuzzy environment. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 10(2), pp.188-212.

Kakwezi. P. and Nyeko. S. (2019). Procurement processes and performance: Efficiency and effectiveness of the procurement function. International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME), 3(1).

Kerzner, H., (2017). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.

Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., (2016). Management information system. Pearson Education India.

Loader, K. (2015). SME suppliers and the challenge of public procurement: Evidence revealed by a UK government online feedback facility. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 21(2), 103-112.

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