Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections Assignment Sample

Impact of Healthcare-Associated Infections

Introduction to Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections

Healthcare-associated infection is directly responsible to multiply the complication related to the patient by adding physical issue that increases the length of hospital stay and it also adds the economic burden (Jia et al., 2019). Catheter-associated infection is one of the most common reasons for urinary tract issue that contributes about 70-80%. Different risk factors contribute to the increasing prevalence of Cather associated urinary tract infection (Nicolle, 2014). The literature review is important to understand the different aspect of the issue by considering the relevant study which adds quality to the study (Wee & Banister, 2015). The study is going to conduct the literature review to understand the different aspect of the catheter-associated urinary tract infection. The literature review is going to explore the different factors that are associated with the prevalence of Catheter-associated urinary tract infection and potential impact over the wider community.

Background of The Issue

One of the major sources of secondary infection in the hospital setting is healthcare-associated and they directly increase the complication of the patient. The healthcare-associated infections are acquired by the patient during the care and they are associated with the treatment process. The healthcare-associated infection first appears after the 48 hours of the admission of the patient in the acute care setting (Haque et al., 2018). Healthcare-associated infection increases the morbidity and mortality rate in the patient due to the infection that occurs due to healthcare-associated resources. The staff characteristics and clinical practise also affect the rate of the healthcare related infection which harms the patient health status. Some of the factors that are linked with the healthcare-associated infection include the complex infection process, heavy workload of staff, poor infection control guideline and clinical practise issues (Mitchell et al., 2018). There are different types of healthcare-associated infection and one of them is catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevalence is about 3.43/1000 patient and it occurs due to the indwelling urinary catheter. There are the different factor that leads to the increase rate of the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection which includes patients own flora, other patient, staff members, environment and medical equipment’s (Voidazan, 2020).

Research question

The research question should be short and clear that help the reader to connect with the issue that is increasing the complication of the population (Patino & Ferreira, 2016). The proposal will address the increased prevalence of Catheter-associated urinary tract infection

What are some of the reasons associated with the increased prevalence of the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection?

Literature Review of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections

There are different hospital-acquired infections and one of the most common is Catheter-associated urinary tract infection which increases the patient complication like bladder stone, catheter encrustation or septicaemia. Catheters are considered to be most utilized medical devices but they are highly prone to infection that increases urinary tract infection. The CAUTI are related to the yeast or bacteria that lead to the urinary tract infection. The three reasons that lead to the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection include biofilms formation that can be crystallized or non-crystallized. The strength of the study is it has accurately discussed the catheter-related factor for the infection (Cortese et al., 2018). The study presented by Clarke et al. (2019) added that Catheter-associated urinary tract infection can be defined by clinically or surveillance definition. The reason that leads to the prevalence of the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection includes bacterial colonization in the inner or outer layer of the indwelling catheter that is inserted into the patient. The bacterial colonize in the catheter pass from per urethral area to upward leading to the prognosis of the infection. Another reason that increases the rate of the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection includes catheter dwell time as the increasing use of the catheter increases the risk for the infection. The patients utilizing the catheter have 3-7% chances of development of the infection per day. The individual factor that increases the risk for the catheter-associated infection includes increase age and female gender. These two factors that are directly associated with the staff incompetency which increase patient risk for the Catheter-associated infection includes unnecessary use of the catheter for the patient and postponed in removing the catheter when it is not needed. The strength of the study included that it has covered the individual and staff aspect of risk factor related to the infection. The study presented by Parker et al. (2017) added that Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is mostly associated with the factors that can be avoided to reduce the prevalence of infection. The different risk factors that are associated with care can be improved by changing the clinical practice. The rate of Catheter-associated urinary tract infection can be decreased by educating the staff, improving patient monitoring and improving catheter guideline.

The study presented by Letica-Kriegel et al. (2019) discussed that the cases that are associated with the catheter-associated urinary tract infection are about 93000 that lead to 13000 deaths per year. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention proposed the guideline for identifying the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection that includes the presence of an indwelling catheter, one sign or symptoms that includes fever, tenderness, dysuria and urine culture increased bacterial concentration than 10⁵ CFU/ml. Some of the risk factors that are associated with the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection include errors in the insertion of the catheter, absence of care routinely and absence of the use of Uri meter. The strength of the study is it has focused over the large population to study the impact of the issue and its methodology also control over the patient commodity. The limitation of the study is it has not accurately identified the appropriate risk factor associated with the infection thus there is need for further research. Another limitation is the study has utilized the electronic health record that has limited their study due to restricted data.

Moreover, the article presented by Anggi et al. (2019) stated that Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is considered to be the infection that is acquired by the patient using the indwelling catheter minimum from past three days. Some of the factors that lead to the increase prognosis of the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection include poor nutrition, faecal incontinence. Some individual factors increase the risk for the prevalence of the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection includes long term illness and immunocompromised patient. The microorganisms that are involved in the prognosis of the infection include Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella. The limitation of the study is that it has only focused the study to the ICU patient that can hamper the result thus need to cover more wards of the hospital to understand actual risk factors.

There is a huge impact of study over the community as it helped to improve the understanding concerning the risk factor associated with the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection. The increasing prevalence of the infection needs to be addressed and the patients admitted to the ICU wards are five to ten times at more risk to acquire the infection. The inpatient hospital population are at increased risk to develop one of the most common hospital-acquired infections. Thus, there is need to improve the care process to reduce the omission that can occur in the patient which and lead to the prognosis the Cather associated urinary tract infection (Podkovik et al., 2019). Different issues have been faced by the community due to the increasing prevalence of the Cather associated urinary tract infection. The Catheter-associated urinary tract infection accounts for about 10-70% of all the hospital-acquired infection that is a major burden over the health care sector. There is a need to address the different risk factor at individual and health care staff level to decrease the prevalence of the infection in the patient in care. The risk factors are to be reduced by improving patient care and staff education that will decrease the burden of the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection over the community (Kim et al., 2017). The increased prevalence of the infection is an issue for the patient thus study is important to enlighten the important risk factors that are associated with the prevalence of Catheter-associated urinary tract infection. The information about the risk factor than can be utilized to improve the care practise which will help to improve the patient health by reducing chances of infection

Conclusion on Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections

The study can be concluded by stating that Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is a major burden over the health care sector that needs to be urgently addressed. The healthcare-associated infections are an additional complication for the patient and it has a negative impact over physical as well as the financial aspect of the patient. The different risk factors that are associated with the Catheter-associated urinary tract infection are patient and staff based that can be improved to decrease the prevalence of infection. The Catheter-associated urinary tract infection contributes to one of the major healthcare-associated infection that can be prevented by improving clinical practice. The increasing prevalence of the infection Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is a major burden over community due to increase hospital stay and increase the financial burden.

References for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections

Anggi, A., Wijaya, D. W. & Ramayani, O. R. (2019). Risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infection and uropathogen bacterial profile in the intensive care unit in hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. Open access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(20), 3488–3492. DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.684

Clarke, K., Hall, C. L., Wiley, Z., Tejedor, S. C., Kim, J. S., Reif, L., Witt, L. & Jacob, J. T. (2019). Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in adults: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 15(9), 552-556. DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3292

Cortese, Y. J., Wagner, V. E., Tierney, M., Devine, D. & Fogarty, A. (2018). Review of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and in vitro urinary tract models. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2018, 1-16. DOI: 10.1155/2018/2986742

Haque, M., Sartelli, M., McKimm, J. & Abu Bakar, M. (2018). Health care-associated infections - An overview. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 2321–2333. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S177247

Jia, H., Li, L., Li, W., Hou, T., Ma, H., Yang, Y. & Chen, M. (2019). Impact of healthcare-associated infections on length of stay: A study in 68 hospitals in China. BioMed Research International, 2019, 1–7. DOI:10.1155/2019/2590563 

Kim, B., Pai, H., Choi, W. S., Kim, Y., Kweon, K. T., Kim, H. A. & Kim, J. (2017). Current status of indwelling urinary catheter utilization and catheter-associated urinary tract infection throughout hospital wards in Korea: A multicenter prospective observational study. PLOS ONE, 12(10), 1-11. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0185369 

Letica-Kriegel, A. S., Salmasian, H., Vawdrey, D. K., Youngerman, B. E., Green, R. A., Furuya, E. Y., Calfee, D. P. & Perotte, R. (2019). Identifying the risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections: A large cross-sectional study of six hospitals. BMJ Open, 9(2), 1-7. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022137

Mitchell, B. G., Gardner, A., Stone, P. W., Hall, L. & Pogorzelska-Maziarz, M. (2018). Hospital staffing and health care–associated infections: A systematic review of the literature. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 1-10. DOI:10.1016/j.jcjq.2018.02.002 

Nicolle, L. E. (2014). Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 3(23), 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-3-23

Parker, V., Giles, M., Graham, L., Suthers, B., Watts, W., O’Brien, T. & Searles, A. (2017). Avoiding inappropriate urinary catheter use and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI): A pre-post control intervention study. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1). 1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2268-2 

Patino, C. M. & Ferreira, J. C. (2016). Developing research questions that make a difference. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia: Publicacao Oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia, 42(6), 403. DOI: 10.1590/S1806-37562016000000354

Podkovik, S., Toor, H., Gattupalli, M., Kashyap, S., Brazdzionis, J., Patchana, T., Bonda, S., Wong, S., Kang, C., Mo, K., Wacker, M. R., Miulli, D. E. & Wang, S. (2019). Prevalence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in neurosurgical intensive care patients - The overdiagnosis of urinary tract infections. Cureus, 11(8), 1-9. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5494

Voidazan, S., Albu, S., Toth, R., Grigorescu, B., Rachita, A. & Moldovan, I. (2020). Healthcare associated infections- A new pathology in medical practice? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(760), 1-13. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030760

Wee, B. V. & Banister, D. (2015). How to write a literature review paper? Transport Reviews, 36(2), 278–288. DOI:10.1080/01441647.2015.1065456

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