EE5612 Pseudorandom Binary Sequence Assignment Sample

Communication Network Security

q.1. a). In third generation mobile communications system (3G), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) has been used as a multiple access technique. A pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) is a sequence of binary but it while generated with an algorithm of deterministic which is very difficult to predict and there are various statistical behavior same as a truly random sequence. It is as a generator used in the telecommunication like conversion of analog to information but it is used in the encryption also.

A maximum length sequence (MLS) is a type of pseudorandom binary sequence.

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b). Multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO is an approach for multiplying the antennas of transmission and receiving to explore the multipath propagation. It has become very important component of the wireless communication containing IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi), HSPA+ (3G), WiMAX, and Long Term Evolution (4G LTE). Recently, it has been used in power to line communication for the part of ITU as 3 wire installation.

It can be divided into three main categories and these are the functions of MIMO.

Precoding is a beamforming of multi stream. Generally, it is considered the processing of spatial that happens at the transmitter level. In beam forming the signal which is same is emitted from each of the antenna which is transmission antenna with accurate phase and gain weighting such that the signal of power is high at the receiver input.

Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO for the configuration of antenna. In spatial multiplexing, a signal which is of high rate is split into various lower rate signals. Each stream is transmitted from a distinct antenna of transmit which is of same frequency. Spatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, known as space-division multiple access or multi-user MIMO, in which case CSI is required at the transmitter. The scheduling of receivers with different spatial signatures allows good separability.

Diversity coding techniques are used at that place where there is knowledge about the channel of transmitter. In this method, a single stream has to transmit but signal coded using methods known as space time coding. The signal emits from the antennas which is transmitted and also helpful in improving the signal diversity. As there is no knowledge channel and also beamforming is also not present there. This technique can also be amalgamate with the spatial multiplexing when some channel knowledge is available at the end of receiver.

Q.2.

a). 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the name given to a project within the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to improve the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile phone standard to cope with future technology evolutions. Goals include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum and reframed spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open standards. We can use Serial to Parallel shift register to illuminate LED. Serial to parallel can be used with remote.

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q.2. b). Precoding is a beamforming of multi stream. Generally, it is considered the processing of spatial that happens at the transmitter level. In beam forming the signal which is same is emitted from each of the antenna which is transmission antenna with accurate phase and gain weighting such that the signal of power is high at the receiver input.

In the cellular communications space, many people think of beamforming as steering a lobe of power in a particular direction toward a user, as shown in Figure 1. Relative amplitude and phase shifts are applied to each antenna element to allow for the output signals from the antenna array to coherently add together for a particular transmit/receive angle and destructively cancel each other out for other signals. The spatial environment that the array and user are in is not generally considered. This is indeed beamforming, but is just one specific implementation of it. Massive MIMO can be considered as a form of beamforming in the more general sense of the term, but is quite removed from the traditional form. Massive simply refers to the large number of antennas in the base station antenna array. MIMO refers to the fact that multiple spatially separated users are catered for by the antenna array in the same time and frequency resource.

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Q.4 b).

Consider A wants to set up a IP with B

A sends a SETUP message on the virtual channel connection reserved for signaling (VPI=0, VCI=5) to its directly connected ATM switch, ATM switch 1.

The SETUP message contains:

The 20 byte ATM address of End station B

Quality of Service (QoS) parameters needed for connection, e.g. peak cell rate

ATM switch 1 analyzes the SETUP message to determine whether it can find a table entry for End station B's switch address and whether it can support the required QoS parameters for the requested connection

If ATM switch 1 can find End station B's switch address and support the required QoS parameters for connection, a CALL PROCEEDING message is sent back to End station A If ATM switch 1 either cannot find End station B's switch address or accepted the connection, a RELEASE message containing standard error codes is sent back to End station A and the call request is rejected

ATM switch 1 sends the SETUP message on the virtual channel connection reserved for signaling (VPI=0, VCI=5) to the next switch in the network, ATM switch 2, on its way to the destination, End station B

The SETUP message contains the same ATM address of End station B and all required QoS parameter information Additionally, the SETUP message now identifies a new VPI/VCI pair for use between ATM switch 1 and ATM switch 2 ATM switch 2 receives the SETUP message

End station B is determined to be a directly connected endpoint registered to ATM switch 2

If the QoS required for the requested connection can be accepted, ATM switch 2 sends a CALL PROCEEDING message back to ATM switch 1

The SETUP message reaches its final destination, End station B. End station B can respond in either of two ways:

If End station B accepts the call, it sends a CALL PROCEEDING message, followed immediately by a CONNECT message back to ATM switch2

If End station B rejects the call, it sends a RELEASE message back to ATM switch2. The RELEASE message is passed through the network back to the original source user (End station A) containing standard error codes that describe the reason for rejection

ATM switch2 sends a CONNECT ACK message back to End station B, then passes the CONNECT message to ATM switch1

ATM switch1 sends a CONNECT ACK message back to ATM switch2, then passes the CONNECT message to End station A

End station A sends a CONNECT ACK message back to ATM switch1

References for Pseudorandom Binary Sequence

https://www.vcalc.com/wiki/JustinLiller/Transmission+Delay

https://www.orbit-computer-solutions.com/multi-protocol-label-switching-mpls-explained-examples/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_fair_queueing

https://www.analog.com/en/analog-dialogue/articles/massive-mimo-and-beamforming-the-signal-processing-behind-the-5g-buzzwords.html#

https://www.analog.com/en/analog-dialogue/articles/massive-mimo-and-beamforming-the-signal-processing-behind-the-5g-buzzwords.html

https://www.rcrwireless.com/20180912/5g/5g-nr-massive-mimo-and-beamforming-what-does-it-mean-and-how-can-i-measure-it-in-the-field

https://www.rcrwireless.com/20180912/5g/5g-nr-massive-mimo-and-beamforming-what-does-it-mean-and-how-can-i-measure-it-in-the-field

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/antennas-propagation/mimo/what-is-mimo-multiple-input-multiple-output-wireless-technology.php

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/packet-switching-and-delays-in-computer-network/

REFERNECE BOOKS 1) Computer networks Book by Andrew S. Tanenbaum; D. Wetherall 2) Computer networking: a top-down approach Book by James F. Kurose; Keith W. Ross 2017 3)Data and computer communications Book by William Stallings 2014

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