Homeostasis is a steady state in which the physical and chemical conditions are balanced in a living system. All mechanisms of homeostatic control are always carried out with the involvement of at least three components i.e. the receptor, the control center and the effector. The three components work in unison for the regulation of the variable (Marieb & Hoehn, 2019). The process of glucose homeostasis involves the maintenance of the glucose amount present in the blood at a level of steady state. In addition to this, it acts as a great example of the mechanism of negative feedback where the variable changes opposite to the direction of initial change thereby resulting in the restoration of its ideal value (Marieb & Hoehn, 2019). In the case of glucose homeostasis, the beta cells of the pancreas act as sensors detecting the levels of glucose in the blood. The next step in the process involves the brain acting as the control center with special emphasis on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus which are responsible for sending signals to the pancreas related to the release of either glucagon or insulin. Lastly, the hormones produced i.e. insulin or glucagon act as the effectors which act on various tissues for the regulation of blood glucose levels (Matschisky & Wilson, 2019).
Firstly, the increase in the levels of blood glucose is detected by the beta cells. This is followed by the receiving of signals by the pituitary and the hypothalamus gland from the beta cells. The next event involves the release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This leads to the stimulation of the pancreatic release of glucagon. In the final step, the liver cells are acted upon by glucagon to facilitate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (Capozzi et al., 2022).
In the following event, again the decreased levels of blood glucose levels are detected by pancreatic beta cells. The signals generated are then received by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In the next step, the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is released by the pituitary gland. This stimulates the pancreas to release insulin (Al-Samerria & Radovick, 2021). Thus the liver, adipose and muscle cells are acted upon by insulin in the following step which leads to the storage of glucose as glycogen. In the final step, there is an increase in levels of blood glucose. This leads to the completion of the negative feedback loop (Chadt & Al-Hasani, 2020).
An electronic device such as a pH meter can be used to measure the potential difference between a reference and a glass electrode with sensitivity towards ions of hydrogen (H+). The glass electrode enables the movement of hydrogen ions in a selective manner which results in the generation of a potential difference proportional to the pH of the solution. The calibration of the device is done with the help of solutions of standard buffers whose phi is already known in order to set a reference point. Once the calibration is done, the pH meter is dipped into the solution and the pH value gets displayed (Maple & LaCourse, 2019).
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Homeostasis is a steady state in which the physical and chemical conditions are balanced in a living system. All mechanisms of homeostatic control are always carried out with the involvement of at least three components i.e. the receptor, the control center and the effector. The three components work in unison for the regulation of the variable (Marieb & Hoehn, 2019). The process of glucose homeostasis involves the maintenance of the glucose amount present in the blood at a level of steady state. In addition to this, it acts as a great example of the mechanism of negative feedback where the variable changes opposite to the direction of initial change thereby resulting in the restoration of its ideal value (Marieb & Hoehn, 2019). In the case of glucose homeostasis, the beta cells of the pancreas act as sensors detecting the levels of glucose in the blood. The next step in the process involves the brain acting as the control center with special emphasis on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus which are responsible for sending signals to the pancreas related to the release of either glucagon or insulin. Lastly, the hormones produced i.e. insulin or glucagon act as the effectors which act on various tissues for the regulation of blood glucose levels (Matschisky & Wilson, 2019).
Firstly, the increase in the levels of blood glucose is detected by the beta cells. This is followed by the receiving of signals by the pituitary and the hypothalamus gland from the beta cells. The next event involves the release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This leads to the stimulation of the pancreatic release of glucagon. In the final step, the liver cells are acted upon by glucagon to facilitate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (Capozzi et al., 2022).
In the following event, again the decreased levels of blood glucose levels are detected by pancreatic beta cells. The signals generated are then received by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In the next step, the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is released by the pituitary gland. This stimulates the pancreas to release insulin (Al-Samerria & Radovick, 2021). Thus the liver, adipose and muscle cells are acted upon by insulin in the following step which leads to the storage of glucose as glycogen. In the final step, there is an increase in levels of blood glucose. This leads to the completion of the negative feedback loop (Chadt & Al-Hasani, 2020).
An electronic device such as a pH meter can be used to measure the potential difference between a reference and a glass electrode with sensitivity towards ions of hydrogen (H+). The glass electrode enables the movement of hydrogen ions in a selective manner which results in the generation of a potential difference proportional to the pH of the solution. The calibration of the device is done with the help of solutions of standard buffers whose phi is already known in order to set a reference point. Once the calibration is done, the pH meter is dipped into the solution and the pH value gets displayed (Maple & LaCourse, 2019).
Firstly, pH plays an essential role in the maintenance of the proper balance of acid and base in the blood which is highly crucial for the normal functioning of the body. The pH of the blood in the arteries is regulated to strictly lie between 7.35 to 7.45. Secondly, pH also plays an important role in the digestive system. The pH in various sections of the gastrointestinal tract differs which establishes a gradient that is necessary so that the digestive enzymes can function optimally. It also facilitates processes such as the absorption of nutrients and the maintenance of gut microbiota (Marieb & Hoehn, 2019).
Al-Samerria, S., & Radovick, S. (2021). The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the control of neuroendocrine regulation of growth. Cells , 10 (10), 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102664
Capozzi, M. E., D’Alessio, D. A., & Campbell, J. E. (2022). The past, present, and future physiology and pharmacology of glucagon. Cell Metabolism , 34 (11), 1654-1674.
Chadt, A., & Al-Hasani, H. (2020). Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease. Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology , 472 , 1273-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-020-02417-x
Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2019). Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th ed.). Pearson Education.
Marple, R. L., & LaCourse, W. R. (2019). Potentiometry: pH and Ion-Selective Electrodes. In Ewing’s Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Fourth Edition (pp. 491-508). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781315118024-16
Matschinsky, F. M., & Wilson, D. F. (2019). The central role of glucokinase in glucose homeostasis: A perspective 50 years after demonstrating the presence of the enzyme in islets of Langerhans. Frontiers in Physiology , 10 , 148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00148
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