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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
The principle of "nothing for us without us" is deeply ingrained in the South African community, emphasizing the significance of stakeholder management in any project, particularly government-funded infrastructural endeavors. All the stakeholders significantly impact the government-funded infrastructure project being measured through this research. The government is pivotal in funding community development infrastructure projects in a developing country like South Africa. Infrastructure development projects attract many external stakeholders.
In the current times, massive infrastructure projects utilized as a vital tool to reduce present infrastructure capacity issues or develop novel corporate prospects have been of utmost relevance for the establishment of economy and civilization. Infrastructure projects are being handled all across the globe currently, whether in established nations that are expanding their infrastructure capacity or in establishing nations that are constructing important infrastructure for the initial time. The greater intricacy linked with stakeholders with conflicting interests might contribute to costs and time overruns (Siraj & Fayek, 2019). Procuring government-funded infrastructure projects like hospitals, roads, and more has attained worldwide acceptance. Stakeholders might usually be defined as people, groups, or companies that can impact or be impacted by the performance or accomplishment of a project. The stakeholders might entail customers, project managers, suppliers, funders, the community, and so on. Therefore, it becomes essential to handle and engage stakeholders initially in the project lifecycle and keep them engaged throughout the project life. It is said that stakeholder management can provide essential strategic information, assets, and problem-solving methods and provide diverse stakeholders with the prospect of making meaningful inputs to a project.
The study by Gichimu & Mutuku (2022) of stakeholder management of government-funded projects in Nigeria reflects projects that are procured in settings of numerous interests and stakes that have hindered the success of such projects at multiple stages of the project’s lifecycle. It has been found that numerous developmental schedules, programs, or visions intended to establish and improve the amount and quality of infrastructure services for economic development were attempted in the absence of success in Nigeria. Another major study by Mageto et al. (2021) found that concerning Uganda, the stakeholders changing the scope of work in infrastructure projects possessed the highest influence on cost overruns and delays. Also, an investigation on the regulation challenges to road infrastructural projects efficiency trends, problems, and concerns in Uganda reflected that interior stakeholder management in respect of project communication possesses the favorable and combined foreseen strength of project stakeholder commitment.
The central aim of this research revolves around multiple categories of stakeholders in such infrastructural projects that involve community organizations, the business community, the funder (client), the user client, authorities, and a team of professionals, who play a pivotal role in the successful implementation of the project. These stakeholders form part of the decision-making processes. The impact of each category has been critically evaluated, considering the risk associated with the project and enabling strategies that guide the successful implementation of the project.
The management of stakeholders is becoming increasingly important since sustainable business projects gained popularity. It is a component of modern project management due to the risks and complexity of government infrastructure projects. Because the various stakeholders are internal and external to the organization, developing countries such as South Africa, Pakistan, and Columbia each have unique requirements from their governments, these countries must take stakeholder management into account when formulating policies and planning infrastructure programs as it helps in achieving the objective of sustainable development of the developing country (Zuniga-Teran et al., 2020). External stakeholder engagement is considered crucial to generating inter-organizational values such as transparent means of communication, faith, respect, mutual trust, and so on in the project (Lehtinen & Aaltonen, 2020).
Infrastructure Projects are established and implemented to benefit the community and/or the funder. When it comes to government-funded infrastructure projects, there is a dual objective in mind. Firstly, it aims to achieve specific deliverables and outcomes. Secondly, it strives to meet the targets set by the government concerned. To various stakeholders, the government-funded infrastructure project, particularly the construction of a school, holds different significance. The local community's immediate goal is to see the school infrastructure completed. For the contractor involved, the primary aim is to make a profit, while the professional team focuses on delivering the school within the specified scope, budget, and schedule.
However, for the government, the ultimate objective is to provide essential infrastructure that contributes to enhancing the quality of education and achieving favorable educational outcomes. Traditionally, these stakeholders would have been the main participants. Nevertheless, recent developments have introduced new dynamics, with local business forums and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) seeking to have a say and stake in local development projects. They advocate for inclusion in decision-making processes, voicing the notion, "Nothing for us, without us."
In summary, the infrastructure project means different things to different stakeholders, with the government aiming for improved education, contractors looking for profitability, the local community desiring a functional school, and emerging local businesses demanding inclusion and representation in the development process.
Potential consequences of poor external stakeholder management in government-funded infrastructure projects such as delays, cost overruns, and conflicts may affect the project's intended objectives. Project stakeholders will therefore have their own interests and perspectives depending on their engagement level and their role. Government-funded Infrastructure projects are becoming increasingly larger and more complex. Therefore, the impact of project stakeholder management on government-funded projects is important to safeguard the investment.
The researcher identifies the relevance of external stakeholder management to achieve infrastructure project success. The large-scale infrastructural development and implementation of the project affect the different interests of its stakeholders. The positive influence of such a project can lead to improvement in communication and generate a higher standard of living for external stakeholders. Contrary to this, infrastructural project such as construction creates degradation and modification on a regional scale. External stakeholders, like society, citizen associations, etcetera, invest their related concerns in the project (Pacagnella Júnior et al., 2015). As per a study by Molwus (2014), the failure to admit the concepts of opposed external stakeholders is found to contribute to a prolonged and postponed scheduling and designing procedure because of the assimilated backing of opposing stakeholders working against the project’s progress as a consequence of supposed non-engagement and consideration of their interests. Also, the project managers must communicate with the external project stakeholders in a manner that is not detrimental to the project goals. Therefore, the process of stakeholder management needs to be planned out to improve projects within the public sector, particularly from the perspective of a country still developing its economy like South Africa. In the context of Thulare High School, this research aimed to determine the frequency within which external stakeholder management is utilized to construct public sector infrastructure (Tirumala & Tiwari, 2022).
For this section, there is a good understanding of the importance of external stakeholder management in government infrastructure projects, particularly in developing countries like South Africa. It highlights the need for effective communication and collaboration between internal and external stakeholders to achieve project goals. It addresses the importance of stakeholder management in constructing public sector infrastructure.
Government-funded projects entail diverse stakeholders, each with unique technical expertise, varied levels of involvement, and distinct project objectives. Project managers must recognize the intricate interdependencies and potential conflicts among stakeholders to effectively achieve objectives such as continuous improvement, robust stakeholder management, and customer satisfaction. This becomes particularly crucial in projects characterized by unpredictability, heightened financial scrutiny, and public attention (Thizy et al ., 2019).
Infrastructure development projects involve massive capital (Inga et al ., 2020). The effective management of projects relies on the support and collaboration of external stakeholders, as it provides a competitive advantage (Ninan et al., 2020). In projects involving inter-organizational collaboration, the involvement of external stakeholders becomes even more essential, as they contribute valuable insights into project functions, and responsibilities, necessary arrangements, and initiatives to address diverse interests (Lehtinen & Aaltonen, 2020).
The classical interpretation of the term "stakeholder" is defined as "any group or individual whose interests are affected by the achievement of the project's objectives (Freeman, 1984). According to Smith and Love (2004), stakeholders have direct and indirect representation and contributions in the proposed project, and those may include: the owner and client; project managers, senior managers, executives; employees; service providers, subcontractors, purchasers, suppliers; neighbours, residents, tenants, community representatives; interest groups, partners, visitors, customers, users; and team members involved in the process.
Waris et al (188-189:2022) define Internal stakeholders as those who are actively related to the project execution, while external stakeholders are those who are mainly affected by the project. Stakeholder Management ensures successful project outcomes and avoids failures by managing the interest of stakeholders through the integration of the project management process (Pacagnella Júnior et al., 2015).
According to Almer and Koontz (2004), developing countries have been relying on public participation to reduce the occurrence of socioeconomic and environmental conflicts during infrastructure construction projects since the 1990s. Unlike this, developed countries prioritise SM to improve decision-making and project implementation through collaborative governance. The global outlook shows that public infrastructure projects in China are managed with the public's participation (Xie et al ., 2014). Shaukat et al ., (58:2021)
Despite the growing relevance of sustainability in the project management discipline, the recognition of stakeholder project management has only recently attracted scholarly attention. This is because stakeholder project management has become a new school of thought in the project management literature (Silvius, 2017). What would become a successful project and good government-funded infrastructure project would be a project planned and implemented to meet the needs, aspirations, and concerns of as many external stakeholders as possible without compromising the project objectives. Many construction projects need successful cooperation between different types of stakeholders involved to succeed. According to Waris et al., (2022) in Pakistan's public sector projects, Stakeholder Management (SM) has not been widely adopted, resulting in underperforming projects.
The involvement of project stakeholders needs to be directed and focused on project deliverables. Concepts need to be inclusive (of deserving stakeholders) whilst addressing socio-economic issues without compromising the technical integrity of the intended infrastructure irrespective of being funded by the government. The key issue is that there seems to be laxity (in processes) due to the source of funding which may compromise the project's success. How the external stakeholders are engaged in the projects and to what extent are they involved in decision-making should be allowed to a certain extent.
The qualitative research questions that follow are:
The research objectives are:
Projects are becoming an increasingly common tool for managing policy and ensuring that public services are carried out effectively as an increasing number of organizations are collaborating to provide public services through networks. People typically believe that participating in projects will allow them to be flexible and generate new ideas (Urbinati et al ., 2021).
The empirical results will show what practices should be avoided and how projects can be made to be more innovative. When done properly, involving various stakeholders in the development of public sector projects is believed to impact innovation. Public sector organizations' motive is to serve the public at a large scale, there are many problems that a project manager might face in managing the projects of the public sector, which include conflicts in setting up the goals, dealing with the management of multiple layers of stakeholders, problem in managing cooperation and performance external agencies for ensuing quality purchasing, hiring and in performing other functions (Wirick, 2009).
There are vast risks and complexities involved in developing public infrastructural projects. This has increased the role of management of external stakeholders in project management, as in countries that are in their developing phase management of stakeholders becomes essential for managing the policies and developing plans for the infrastructure as it assists in meeting out the expectation of different stakeholders, especially those who are external to the organization. When these external parties are considered while developing the goal, this helps overcome the barriers to making decisions and enables smooth communication (Karlsen, 2002).
The project's objectives provide a clearer definition of the perceived value and the reason for undertaking the project. The most challenging aspect of project management is overcoming obstacles to completing a task while maintaining adherence to requirements regarding quality, timeline, scope, and finances. It's possible that the managers and sponsors of a project will consider their consensus on the project's goals and milestones a legally binding contract. Indicators for large-scale projects can be adjusted on an individual basis. Indicators of a project's success can be improved by including the project's most important stakeholders in identifying these indicators at an earlier stage in the project. The study utilized standard metrics to measure performance, such as the satisfaction of the users, the duration of the project, and the cost (Thizy et al ., 2019).
At most this will only be the cause for certain stakeholders, for example, the project team members, and rarely true of the large majority. In addition, a project manager will often only be able to offer certain types of incentives, like information sharing; a degree of autonomy; interesting challenges; and influence on the project process; and not financial incentives or future career-oriented incentives. All of this implies that you need to think broadly about ways to manage stakeholders and understand project stakeholder management as all purposeful stakeholder-related activities to support the success of the project. (Eskerod & Jepsen 2012)
There are different assumptions made in the study. The stakeholder theory is driven by various factors in addition to profits and productivity. The study assumptions suppose the relations between project management and project stakeholders in qualitative as well as quantitative methods. Employers have discovered that when workers are satisfied with their jobs, their mental health significantly improves. It will also improve the social and economic standing of the company in the neighborhood where it is located. When one business implements stakeholder theory, it motivates other businesses to do the same. This results in a competitive environment that benefits companies and the people they serve as stakeholders (Urbinati et al ., 2021).
This research is based on Government funded projects, therefore,
This includes developing management plans to maintain their active project involvement and interest. It is possible that there will be more than one kind of stakeholder involvement in the project, and that their goals will not always align perfectly with one another.
The theoretical foundation that will underpin this study will be based on stakeholder theory and stakeholder management which is informed by interrogating literature such as Thizy, 2019. Customers, suppliers, employees, investors, and communities are considered "stakeholders" under the umbrella term of "stakeholders" because they are all interested in a business's prosperity. According to this perspective, it is argued that a company's responsibilities extend beyond solely serving the interests of its shareholders. The goals of this theory are to facilitate management to map the stakeholders and to possess an understanding of stakeholders and handle them in a strategic manner. The stakeholder map might henceforth be capable of grouping and classifying the numerous stakeholders as per the interests and power they wield in the company (Ebekozien et al., 2023). The fundamental principle of this theory is that massive companies like the ones in the infrastructure industry, identify stakeholder interests and continuously form and reimagine such associations to produce more value for more stakeholders (Ebekozien et al., 2023).
Stakeholders to Construction Projects
Source: Ebekozien et al. (2023)
This entails the following indicators:
This entails the following indicators:
This entails the following indicators:
Source: Author Presentation
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework : The Relationship between Project Stakeholder Management and Project Success of the Government-funded Projects
This framework helps the scholar to know that engaging stakeholders in the government-funded projects is a formal procedure of relation management to lessen the threats by aligning mutual interests.
The readers were provided a summary of the research’s background and problem statement. Besides, the research aims, objectives, and questions were all encompassed in this section of the thesis. The fundamental terms utilized throughout the study were described for the readers. This section has given an introduction to the study emphasizing on project stakeholder management in government-funded projects in developing nations. The underlying premise of this study is the establishment of the stakeholder management outline to manage government-funded infrastructure projects in developing countries. The present pertinent literature offers specialized value to stakeholder management however, it doesn’t evidently and adequately address the problem of how project management can enhance values in infrastructure projects by managing stakeholders consequently. The current study establishes a novel approach and possess the capability to refine on available approaches.
2. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review entails the organisation of notions and findings of value and demonstrating them to give the context and theoretical outline for the study (Snyder, H. (2019). This section evaluated supporting literature on project stakeholder management. A critical analysis and interrogation was undertaken to expose the conversations in the scholarly communities.
2.2. Key Concepts
As per Urbinati et al. (2021), a stakeholder represents any person or group which can impact or be impacted by the work a business delivers. A stakeholder is defined as any group or person who can affect or is affected by attaining the project's success. They may be clients, workers, directors, shareholders, the community, suppliers, etecra. M oreover, another scho lar Thizy et al. (2019) defined a stakeholder as one who can impact the project procedure and ultimate outcomes, whose living settings are favourable or negatively impacted by the project, and who attains related direct and indirect advantages and losses. The project stakeholders are specified as the individual or team of individuals with a vested interest in the project’s success and the setting in which the project functions. It is stated that stakeholders indicate to the people or companies who are proactively engaged in the project or whose interests might be impacted due to the project implementation or attainment (Safapour et al . 2019).
It is stated by Rowe (2020) that fundamental to project management is victory attained via the project and its stakeholders. A project is defined as any novel structure, procedure, or software, larger or smaller, or the renewal of the present one. Moreover, it is described as a unique array of coordinated activities with specific start and end times, taken up by a person or company to fulfill definite goals with specified schedules, costs, and performance measures. It is further found that the project indicates an interim activity considered to develop a unique product, service, and outcome. The project impacts its stakeholders, and vice versa. It means that a project is developed and achieved, and the advantages are realized, by the management of the project stakeholders (Irfan et al. 2019).
According to de Oliveira & Rabechini (2019), Stakeholders mainly account for the projects’ success, mainly typical projects. A robust collaboration with stakeholders is essential for the success of a project. Stakeholder management is the process which vital to recognize the individuals, teams, or companies which might be directly or indirectly impacted by the project activity. It is found that the number of stakeholders keen on the project might drastically surge the intricacy. Such stakeholders typically possess individual interests that might change priorities. Stakeholder management is regarding the management of the relations with entire stakeholders serving their advantages skillfully and hence profitably to preserve and refine the contributions, and assets they offer for the company’s value conception. Moreover, it has been asserted by Lehtinen et al. (2019) that the successful management of relations with stakeholders is vital to resolve problems confronting companies. The stakeholders, utilizing their influence, possess the key to the setting wherein a company operates and the subsequent fiscal and effective performance of the company. Henceforth, an appropriate management of stakeholder relationships is an evolving emphasis of public relations and corporate endeavors.
With regards to the management literature, a study on categorizing stakeholders based on who possesses a vital stake in a company is supposed a fundamental initial step to recognizing who impacts corporate decisions. The foremost practice committed to sorting stakeholders by prominence is the usage of stakeholder analysis. This is a management technique utilized to figure out and gauge the extent of impact, interests, and power in definite stakeholder networks (Pedrini & Ferri, 2019). As per findings by Freeman (2020), the stakeholder analysis procedure is mainly defined as comprehending power dynamics and increasing transparency and equity of decisions in developmental projects. Stakeholder management indicates to conversing, negotiating, contracting, and managing relations with stakeholders and inspiring them to act in manners that are fruitful to the company and its stakeholders. Moreover, it encompasses recognizing, and prioritizing vital stakeholders, evaluating their desires, and gathering notions from them, and understanding such knowledge into strategic management procedures. Nevertheless, it must be noted that in usual stakeholder management doesn’t assert that management provides all concerned elements an identical level of attention and relevance.
Stakeholder management indicates to the relevant issue in PM (project management) since a project might appear as a temporary alliance of stakeholders to develop some collectively. It is defined as the procedure of recognition, analysis, communication, decision-making, and all other sorts of activities in respect of managing stakeholders (Urbinati et al. 2021).
The stakeholder theory ind icates to a strategic management theory that entails corporate management and morals. This theory supposes that values are part of performing business and disputes the separation thesis that assumes that ethics and economics are mutually exclusive. Moreover, it is mainly a normative concept with descriptive and instrumental aspects. This reveals management and companies how to manage the interest of stakeholders in an ethical and proper manner (Freeman et al., 2021). It has been st ated by McGahan (2021) that a company with the perspective of stakeholders forms its approach on the basis of some ethical obligations towards its stakeholders. The most relevant area in stakeholder management has reached a winning condition for entire stakeholders regardless of the objective. It certifies the constant readiness of stakeholders to involve in the company to better numerous participants. The essential issue to this theory is the supposition that management should establish relations, encourage stakeholders and develop communities wherein individuals strive to provide their best to make good on the business’s promises.
The stakeholder theory rests on the problems concerned with the stakeholders in a company. It means that an organization universally pursues to offer a balance between the interests of its varied stakeholders to certify that every interested nation gets a certain extent of gratification. It is stated that companies possess stakeholders that is people and groups who benefit from and are misused by, and whose rights are breached or appreciated by, business actions. It has been suggested that businesses must recognize their direct and indirect stakeholders. This theory stipulated that the company might be managed in the interests of its stakeholders and that the board will have an accountability of care to utilize reasonable judgment to describe and guide the company’s affairs (Armenia et al. 2019). This theory is further found to suggest that when one adopts as a unit of evaluation ythe relations between a company and the groups and individuals who might impact or are impacted by it, one have a superior opportunity to handle successfully with the issues of value creation, management outlook, and morals of capitalism. Business, from outlook of stakeholder, is considered an array of relations amongst groups which possess a stake in the actions which make up the company. This is about how numerous stakeholder collaborate to collectively develop and trade value. It has further been found that stakeholders indicate to individuals or groups with legal interests in organized and substantive dimensions of business endeavour. Stakeholder theory aims to elucidate and to direct the structure and function of the developed company. The major management implication of this theory is that management must admit the validity of different stakeholder’s interests and must try to react to them within a mutually advocating framework. It is also found that stakeholder management needs, as its vital feature, consecutive attention to the legal interests of entire suitable stakeholders.
As per findings by Alvarenga et al. (2019), the major emphasis of the project management in practices is the attainment of project goals that are the measures of the project success. Conventional project management deals with the proactive strategy to project management and is particularly concerned about the delivery procedure which means cost, time, and quality. It is further stipulated as the delivery of an asset. Nevertheless, for the majority of the capital projects, some scholars perceive it from the achievement of objective target functions. It is found that the majority of the scholars with respect to the literature on project management identified timely project deliveries within budget and to quality specifications as the main goals of project management. Nevertheless, the failure or success of a project is not just reliant on good cost and time performance, but also on technological performance, and purpose to be achieved, and a higher level of gratification with the project outcomes from the essential stakeholders (Kerzner, 2022).
It has been found by Kerzner (2019) that the current challenges in project management reflect that projects all across the globe are based on stakeholder management for sustainability in delivery. It is because stakeholder impacts on a project change over the phases of the project lifecycle. Fulfilling the stakeholder’s expectations through the project lifecycle is needed for the infrastructure project's success. Henceforth, to certify project success, the scholar asserts that the goals require to consider stakeholders and project success should be gauged around the project lifecycles.
According t o Waghmare & Bhalerao (2016), project stakeholder management entails the procedures needed to recognise the individuals, teams, or companies which can influence or be influenced by the project, to evaluate stakeholder expectations and their influence on the project, and to establish suitable managerial approaches to successfully involving stakeholders into project decisions. The satisfaction of the stakeholders must be dealt as a key project goal. Stakeholder management in projects is found to emphasize on constant communication with stakeholders to comprehend their desires and expectations, solving problems when they happen, handling conflicts, and nurturing suitable stakeholder engagement in decisions and actions of the project.
It has been found that project managers possess restricted resources to interact with stakeholders and should choose diligently how to consume the resources and time which are accessible to such activity.
According to there are four major steps to working with stakeholders as follows:
When discussing the management of a project or an organization's stakeholders, the stakeholder theory discusses the ethics, morals, and values of the business. It makes an effort to get the most out of relationships with stakeholders, which ultimately improves the operation of the entire project or organization. The concept of stakeholders is applied in a wide variety of significant domains, including strategic management, corporate social responsibility, project management, and business ethics (Lehtinen & Aaltonen, 2020).
Urbinati et al., (2021) argue that the topic of project governance has become an increasingly popular topic of conversation among stakeholders involved in public sector projects. The concept of governance raises questions about the economic and social responsibilities of various institutions, as well as how these institutions can collaborate to share power and get things done without having to rely on the government (Martinsuo, Vuorinen & Killen, 2019). Throughout the past few years, a significant amount of study has been conducted on the topic of how to evaluate the success of public sector infrastructure projects. People in less developed nations are only just beginning to understand how to make use of the various tools and strategies involved in project management (Thizy et al., 2019).
If economies that are still growing want to keep growing and reach the same level of economic success as developed countries, they need to pay attention to their infrastructure. Because of the large number of different people who are involved in a public sector infrastructure project from the beginning to the end, even more components of the project are missing. Now more than ever, successful management of the project's stakeholders is absolutely necessary for its completion. It is essential to involve the people who have a vested interest in a project and gain an understanding of what their wants and needs are to guarantee the project's success. The neglect of the project's stakeholders is one of the primary factors contributing to the failure of large-scale infrastructure endeavors (Martinsuo, Vuorinen & Killen, 2019).
They need an effective method of project management for public-sector infrastructure development projects such as in Thulare High School to be successful throughout their entire lifespan. The mechanism needs to ensure that all stakeholders are represented to lend legitimacy to the decisions that are made regarding the projects. Without proper governance, only the voices of those who are the most outspoken will be heard, and the likelihood of crises and failed projects will increase infrastructure (Tirumala & Tiwari, 2022).
The project stakeholder management entails carrying out the analysis of project stakeholder and cooperating effectively with the project stakeholders. It is found that insuffciient management of the issues of the stakeholders contributes to issues in the executing of large projects. Nevertheless, the issues can be resolved when the stakeholders on a project are proactively engaged in the front-end plans. An other stud y indicated that additional efforts must be made to offer novel views into project stakeholder management like the establishment of approaches and schedules. More attempts needed in the project stakeholder management are the establishment of visions, goals, techniques, processes, routines, and assessments. It has further been emphasized that the establishment of a realistic stakeholder management procedure which might recognize stakeholders, determine their interests, and to ideally handle them to stop their adverse influence on the project. It is asserted that an official and organized project stakeholder management procedure doesn’t prevail in numerous projects since the stakeholder management is random, in absence of well-functioned approaches, schedules, techniques, or procedures. Additionally, myriad of strategies have been made. Communication with stakeholders and setting of mutual objectives, project priorities, and aims are deemed as essential areas which bring refinements to the stakeholder management. Besides, it is stated that long-run performance of any project and its capability to gratify stakeholders relies on the choices made and the care undertaken by the policy-makers in nurturing stakeholder communication. The success of stakeholder relation management is based on a suitably-defined communication approach, advocated by structured facilitation of relation activities.
It is asserted that the stakeholder management concept intends to evaluate, comprehend, define, and manage stakeholders. The project stakeholder management entails the procedures needed to recognize the individuals, teams, or companies which might influence or be influenced by the project, to evaluate the expectations of stakeholders, and their influence on the project, and to establish proper managerial approaches to successfully involving stakeholders in project choices and implementation. It has been stated that the stakeholder management is deemed vital in the project management since the project appears as a temporary alliance of stakeholders having to develop something collectively. The purpose of project stakeholder management is to surge the chances of project success, hence, encompassing entire purposeful endeavors conducted in association with the project stakeholders to improve project success. Stakeholder management entails project groups in a procedure to enable stakeholders to recognize, negotiate, and attain their goals via proactive engagement in the project procedure. Besides, the management of stakeholders is a competency for infrastructure project teams since the stakeholders possess the capability to impact the company. A nother scholar fou nd that stakeholder management is vital and an essential procedure that has a momentous influence on the project's success. Further, the effective fulfillment of infrastructure projects relies on meeting the stakeholder’s expectations around the project lifecycle. Such stakeholders entail the customers, project managers, vendors, users, local communities, and so on.
It has been asserted that the fundamental to successful project stakeholder management is the handling of the relations between the project and its stakeholders. The effective handling of the relations between the projects and its stakeholders is considered as vital to the success of the project. It has been suggested that effective stakeholder management is certified by comprehending the expectations of stakeholders to determine how to impact them to advocate and lead to the project. Nevertheless, it is vital for the project team members to know if it is effectively handling the project stakeholders or not.
The practice of public procurement is gaining more and more recognition as a respected profession that plays an essential part in the efficient administration of public resources. Several nations have also developed a greater awareness of the significance of procurement as an area that is prone to mismanagement and corruption, and they have made efforts to include procurement in a more strategic view of the work that the government does. As a part of their efforts to take a long-term and strategic view of their procurement needs and management, the majority of nations have turned to their annual procurement plans as a possible way to solve problems as part of their efforts to take a strategic view of their procurement needs (Martinsuo, Vuorinen & Killen, 2019).
According to the stakeholder theory, various parties besides stockholders should be taken into consideration when making business decisions. Communities, community groups, trade unions, trade associations, environmental organizations, government agencies, associated corporations, employees, customers, and the general public are all considered to be part of these groups. The theory of stakeholders has predicated on the premise that an organization maintains connections with a wide variety of groups and that it can win and maintain the support of these groups by taking into account and attempting to strike a balance between the relevant interests of these groups (Thizy et al., 2019).
According to the stakeholder model, all individuals or organizations that have legitimate interests and participate in a business do so to gain something from it, and the model also states that no one set of interests and benefits is more important than another set of interests and benefits infrastructure (Tirumala & Tiwari, 2022). According to stakeholder theory, all of the following should be considered: communities, community groups, trade unions, trade associations, environmental groups, government agencies, related corporations, potential employees, potential customers, and the general public.
There are two distinct types of activities that fall under the category of stakeholder management: demonstrating and discussing the significance of stakeholder management for managers, and investigating the function and worth of the stakeholder management process. The vast majority of research on how managers interact with project stakeholders has taken a practice-oriented approach and focused on the conceptual development of various frameworks, tools, and processes that managers can use to locate, categorize, and manage project stakeholders. This approach has been adopted by the majority of the research that's been conducted (Martinsuo, Vuorinen & Killen, 2019).
The majority of the time, challenged projects are completed and fully functional; however, they end up costing more than anticipated, taking longer than anticipated, and having fewer features and functions than were originally planned. Those projects that are deemed to have fatal flaws or to have been unsuccessful are scrapped at some point during the development process. Using this method, it is simple to distinguish between complete successes and partial successes, which are accomplishments that have been achieved but do not fully satisfy all requirements. Even though the functionality is still pretty subjective, it also enables you to make clear comparisons between the time and cost that was budgeted and the actual time and cost that were incurred (Urbinati et al., 2021).
Infrastructure is a crucial component in ensuring the development of the economy of South Africa, it facilitates in accumulation of capital and increases productivity. The infrastructural project involves communication, transportation, highways, etc. It is observed that the return derived from the external network is higher in the case of social infrastructure when compared to private (Estache & Garsous, 2012).
There is a long-term observation of South African human development policy that revealed the fact that there is a significant amount of underinvestment in this field that is negatively impacting the quality of human capital. This provides an indication of the requirement of African industries towards strong human capital. The poor education policy by the government of South Africa serves negatively in sectors that are based on knowledge within the economy (Fedderke & Bogetic, 2009).
For a project to be successful participation from a wide variety of individuals is required; a shrewd project manager will identify these individuals and determine which aspects of the project influence. It is not uncommon for a forgotten stakeholder to rear their head at the worst possible moment, causing the project to be plagued with a wide variety of issues (Martinsuo, Vuorinen & Killen, 2019).
On the other hand, many project teams do not do a good job of figuring out who the project's stakeholders are and how to convince them to agree with the project's goals. A significant number of those involved have an incorrect understanding of all of this. They want precise estimates at the beginning of the project, which is precisely when there is the most room for error. The reserves for both cost and time are called into question and cut as if they were merely extra padding that the project team added to make themselves look better. The only person who can adequately explain why sound project management principles are effective is a project manager who exudes confidence and strength. Project managers now have a new area of concentration and concern to focus on stakeholder management (Lehtinen & Aaltonen, 2020).
It has been demonstrated by Zaman et al. (2021) that project success is deemed a multi-dimensional idea which means varied things to different individuals, and context is vital to assess project success. It is further found that the characteristics of the construction projects entail exclusive physical products; long-term plans and project duration; stationary locality of project implementation; material costs surpassing labour costs; and so on. It is analyzed that there exist numerous researches in the area of construction project management that address the problem of project success. The study by Wuni & Shen (2020) concluded and addressed the problem of success in massive infrastructure projects and in such kind of project, the notion of success considers the influence of the project on wider social stakeholders and their gratification with the project. Another area of success study deals with how it can be attained. It is asserted that the topmost managerial advocacy, consultation with the customer, communication in general, and getting feedback are extremely vital success factors. As opined by Moradi et al. (2020), it is shown that the supposed soft facets of PM (project management) such as collaboration; competence; and dedication to the project, are mainly fundamental to the success of the project.
It is suggested by Acheampong (2021) that there exists an array of intricate activities during the infrastructure project that need to be handled by the project teams. In order to manage project stakeholders in all the steps of infrastructure projects such as exploration, planning, realization, and operation & maintenance is considered the intricate activity that is part of the PM procedure and with the entire project procedure. It is asserted that it is needed to include pertinent project stakeholders throughout the whole project lifecycle to attain an effective project outcome. It is found by Ampofo et al. (2020) that in Ghana’s infrastructure sector entailing such stakeholders is a portion of a massive section in the PM known as SRM (stakeholder relationship management). Moreover, ideal practice in stakeholder management appears as successful and efficient procedures, and techniques implemented in specific situations for the motive of achieving a corporate objective. This is dependent on technological abilities, experiences, and methods implemented in the procedure of establishing and attaining a set standard way of efficiency. it is found that directions and norms are considered to add value to the project management in the company. The benefits of utilizing norms and guidelines in project management entail handling multiple projects with the requirement of numerous skills; cost and time saving; knowledge transfer; superior process excellence; superior teamwork; superior position in the market; and so on.
2.3. Summary
|
Author |
Observation |
|
Lehtinen & Aaltonen, 2020 |
The concept of stakeholders is applied in a wide variety of significant domains, including strategic management, corporate social responsibility, project management, and business ethics |
|
Urbinati et al., 2021 |
project governance has become an increasingly popular topic of conversation among stakeholders involved in public sector projects. |
|
Martinsuo, Vuorinen & Killen, 2019 |
The neglect of the project's stakeholders is one of the primary factors contributing to the failure of large-scale infrastructure endeavors |
|
Thizy et al., 2019
|
it can win and maintain the support of these groups by taking into account and attempting to strike a balance between the relevant interests of these groups. |
|
Tirumala & Tiwari, 2022 |
all individuals or organizations that have legitimate interests and participate in a business do so in order to gain something from it. |
|
Martinsuo, Vuorinen & Killen, 2019 |
demonstrate and discuss the significance of stakeholder management for managers, and investigate the function and worth of the stakeholder management process, are two primary activities under shareholder management. |
|
Estache & Garsous, 2012 |
Infrastructure is a crucial component in ensuring the development of the economy of South Africa, it facilitates in accumulation of capital and increases productivity |
|
Martinsuo, Vuorinen & Killen, 2019 |
For a project to be successful participation from a wide variety of individuals is required; a shrewd project manager will identify these individuals and determine which aspects of the project influence |
This research focused on some ideas, tools, and techniques that can assist working project managers in dealing with the various challenges they face when setting and managing the expectations of stakeholder groups. There were some suggestions made to assist the project manager and the team with establishing structured processes and acquiring tools to assist in this vital area.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The term "research methodology" means "a system of carefully planned ways to do research." It talks about the pros and cons of each method and what it would take to use them (Taherdoost, 2021). From this part, readers will be able to figure out the researcher's strategy, approach, and method, as well as what they expect to find. This section also helps the reader learn more about the study and the methods and techniques used to get the relevant research results.
Research philosophy is primarily concerned with the knowledge development and the nature of know-how developed. The fundamental branches of research philosophical thoughts entail epistemology, ontology, and axiology. Ontology defines the examination of the nature of what exists and is focused on the state of being. Epistemology is defined as the theory of the nature of know-how that deals with its chance, scope, and general basis. The essential stances in this philosophy that can be considered by the scholar entail positivism and interpretivism. Axiology is focused on the study of value judgements which might encompass moral and aesthetical values. The epistemology is deemed as the suitable assumption that is better aligned with this research since the opinions of the respondents are identified as reliable information, and henceforth, validated, and approved (Al-Ababneh, 2020).
Further, the positivism paradigm is based on the research methods mainly utilized in the natural sciences. This approach is aimed at identifying, measuring, and assessing any event and offering a rational theory. Mainly, it is used in quantitative research. The interpretivism approach considers interpretations of the society as culturally originated and historically situated. It is mainly used in quantitative research. The chosen paradigm is positivism since the study objectives are focused on knowing the opinions of the project stakeholders. Also, the scholar believes that the objective position offered by a positivist paradigm is the most suitable technique. However, this paradigm was not able to disclose the multiple realities and different contextual experiences with the stakeholder management of infrastructure projects (Thizy et al., 2019).
There are two research approaches namely inductive and deductive. The deductive approach enables the scholar to deduce a hypothesis on the basis of the present level of knowledge on a specific subject. The inductive approach needs the scholar to undertake an interview to get a feeling of what’s happening. In this study, the review of literature conducted by scholars has contributed to the development of various findings about the awareness of stakeholder management among individuals in infrastructure projects. The deductive approach was used via the gathering of quantitative data to analyze if such findings are validated among chosen participants. Further, this study was quantitative research which involves the usage of quantitative methods, and techniques to collect and analyze the data (Park et al., 2020).
The data for this study was collected using the self-administered questionnaire technique that was proved as less time-consuming and more appropriate for the massive sample size (Al Jaghsi et al., 2021).
The collected data for this study was analyzed using the SPSS analysis technique. The data collected from the survey responses were mainly assessed for frequency distribution and measures of central tendency (Abu-Bader & Jones, 2021).
In order to collect the necessary information for this quantitative research study, we will be using survey questionnaires. A questionnaire will be developed in order to facilitate the collection of detailed information regarding the research questions and objectives. The users are provided with a method that provides readers with a structured way to collect data, ensuring that the questions the researcher asks and the answers they get are consistent at all times (Taherdoost, 2021).
It enables the collection of quantitative data that is then capable of being analyzed using statistical techniques. Because of this, determining the relationships between variables that are significant becomes much simpler. The survey questionnaire is another effective method for collecting data because it can be distributed to a large number of individuals all at once and completed at a distance, which saves both time and money.
The coverage of the study is about project stakeholder management of officials and parents of the students of Thulare High School in Lebotlwane Village, North West Province within Moretele Local Municipality.
The target population will be the officials and parents of the students of Thulare High School. The target respondents were aged between 35 years to 60 years. They were South Africans. The total number of the target population chosen was 40 respondents.
The correctness and reliability of a research study are affected by the size of its sample. In this thesis, a sample size of 40 people has been chosen. The sample size is chosen based on a number of factors, such as the type of research, the size of the population, the level of accuracy needed, and the statistical analysis method used (Stratton, 2021).
The sample size of 40 people is good for this study because it meets the needs of the research design and data analysis method that were chosen. Also, the sample size is representative of the target population, which makes it more likely that the results can be applied to the whole population. So, 40 people were chosen as a good sample size for this study, and the results can be considered valid and reliable (Martinsuo, Vuorinen & Killen, 2019). The scholar has considered three factors to assess the sample size named as follows:
Formula to calculate the sample size is as follows:
Sample size =
DC = Degree of confidence
V = Amount of variability
DP = Desired precision (Lakens, 2022).
The research design that was decided to use for this study was the descriptive one. The objective of a descriptive design is to provide a comprehensive and correct picture of whatever is being investigated by describing and explaining a phenomenon or event as thoroughly as possible. The data for this design were gathered by conducting surveys, interviews, and carrying out direct observations. After that, the data are summed up and analyzed statistically, and then the results are interpreted. Finding patterns and trends, determining how different variables are related to one another, and describing what a sample is like are the objectives of descriptive design (Taherdoost, 2021). Descriptive design was chosen since it enabled for quantitative strategies to be utilized in the evaluation of the collected research data (Mehrad & Zangeneh, 2019).
Sampling is deemed a fundamental principle of qualitative study. The sample size will be evaluated with the help of the random probability sampling method. Sample means the major participants on which the scholar desires to be capable of making conclusions at the study’s endTo conduct this quantitative study, a probability sampling strategy was adopted. A random sample is one drawn from a population in which each individual has an equal chance of being chosen. This method ensures that the sample is representative of the whole, allowing for confident extrapolation of the results. This facilitates statistical analysis and lessens the potential for bias. Because of its ability to provide accurate and comprehensive data in support of the study's aims, probability sampling is a suitable methodology for this investigation (Rahman et al., 2022).
Both primary and secondary sources were utilized to collect data in this study. The secondary data was collected using sources such as industry reports, peer-reviewed journals, books, and so on. The primary data was gathered using the survey questionnaire method. This method was used to solicit comparable qualitative data while enabling a greater degree of flexibility. Moreover, it has enabled the gathering of data in a demonstrative sample in a highly economic manner. It was selected since it enables the gathering of large datasets in the constrained resources and time yet ensures data are attained (Garousi et al., 2020). When SPSS analysis is used, a number of descriptive statistics can be made, such as the mean, the standard deviation, and the frequency distribution. It also makes it possible to find big differences between groups, which can be used to test research hypotheses. Using SPSS analysis also makes it easier to make graphical representations of data, which makes it easier to understand and present the results. So, SPSS analysis is a good choice for this study because it is a reliable and accurate way to look at the data and help reach the research goal (Taherdoost, 2022).
In order to collect first-hand information for the purpose of this study, questionnaires were used. The questionnaire contained questions that were quantitative as well as qualitative in nature. After going over the research, they were fabricated by the team. The qualitative questions were free-form, and their primary purpose was to elicit information about the topic being investigated. A Likert scale was utilized for the quantitative questions that were asked. The survey questionnaire was made utilizing 40 government officials and factors recognized from the research questions and literature review. First section of the survey was formulated to use demographic information to the chosen participants. Second section of survey encompassed the questions relating to stakeholder management, stakeholders which are found, and their interests in the government-funded infrastructure projects.
A pilot test was conducted to pre-test the techniques and questionnaire instrument utilized to gather the research data. Moreover, it was performed to measure the time every respondent would need during the survey. The core of this was to validate the appropriateness and suitability of the instrument used to gather the needed data. The results of pre-testing found that the respondents offered feedback regarding the intricacy and wording of the questions. Moreover, there was no advisory and poor remarks from their side. Henceforth, the survey questionnaire was used as the final instrument survey for this study (Kayem Al Refey & Hassan, 2022).
The degree to which an instrument is able to accurately measure the phenomenon that it is designed to measure is referred to as its validity. It is a comparison of the differences that were found using a measuring tool to the actual differences that existed between the individuals who were being tested. Validity can be broken down into two primary categories: content validity and criterion-related validity. The extent to which a measuring tool covers the subject matter that is the focus of the research is known as its content validity. The ability to predict an outcome or to estimate the presence of a current condition is what we mean when we talk about criterion-related validity.
The information was obtained in a reasonable and trustworthy manner by the researcher from reputable sources. In addition, the citations and references that were used were appropriate for the data that was collected, regardless of whether it was obtained through primary research or secondary research based on previously published works.
In the field of research, ethics play a significant role, particularly during the dissertation phase, due to the fact that failing to adhere to them can result in unsatisfactory findings. When it comes to collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data for a research project, these core principles encompass all of the rules, standards, and guidelines that absolutely must be adhered to. Avoiding the practice of making up data is extremely important if one hopes to achieve the primary objective of gathering information that is factual, insightful, reliable, and valid.
For the purpose of this investigation, the researcher ensured that the individuals who participated in the survey were treated fairly by showing them the respect and dignity that was due to them. No one harmed or mistreated any of the respondents, which ensured that their self-respect and sense of worth were not violated in any way (Taherdoost, 2022).
The quantitative data will be coded and put into SPSS after the data has been collected. The different points of view of the respondents about stakeholder management were found by looking at descriptive statistics.
The survey questionnaire is also an efficient data collection method because it can be administered to large sample sizes and conducted remotely, thereby reducing the time and resources required for data collection.
The information the researcher required was obtained in a straightforward and truthful manner, and it came from reputable sources. In addition, the citations and references that were used were appropriate for the data that was collected, regardless of whether it was obtained through primary research or secondary research based on previously published works.
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