Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Elderly Assessment Answer

Part A: Briefing Paper

Introduction

According to Cohen-Mansfield & Eisner (2020), the phenomenon of loneliness is best described as a feeling that is accompanied by sorrow or unhappiness as a result of a mismatch between the degree of social connection a person desires and the extent to which they actually have or obtain it. According to Moreno et al. (2020), loneliness and social isolation are common long-acting risk factors for significant medical disorders including dementia and other mental illnesses. In addition, Australians are living longer and getting older. Social isolation and loneliness are becoming more commonplace. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has recommended many older Australians to stay at home to lower their chance of getting the virus, the problem of isolation among seniors has become even more acute. Particularly for those who already lived alone or had few social contacts, this has increased feelings of social isolation and loneliness (Australian Government, 2021).

A significant predictor of loneliness is also becoming older. Furthermore, a sense of belongingness loss develops. Compared to other public health issues like smoking or obesity, the effects of this loneliness-related sensation increase the probability of death (Victor & Pikhartova, 2020). In addition to 1 in 2 Australians reporting greater feelings of loneliness as a result of the Covid-19 epidemic, approximately 1 in 5 older Australians were socially isolated prior to the outbreak (Clair et al., 2021). Additionally, current research has revealed that social isolation is a significant contributor to people dying young. Increasing rates of anxiety and suicide were also linked to loneliness (Donovan & Blazer, 2020). One effect that is not directly related to the feeling of loneliness but emphasizes the necessity for social connections and support is the Roseto effect which refers to a phenomenon describing the decreased rates of heart disease and mortality in a community of Roseto which was close-knit and this attribute was found to have a positive effect on health outcomes as it involved strong social networks and connections which existed within the community (Moore & Carpiano, 2020).

Ottawa Charter and Action Area

A framework for the promotion of health and the prevention of disease, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion outlines important methods and ideas. Five crucial areas of activity for the development of health are taken into consideration by the Charter. This entails the adoption of wholesome public policies, the bolstering of community action, the promotion of hospitable surroundings, the realignment of health services, and the improvement of individual capabilities (World Health Organisation, 2023). This report's major action area is the development of supportive settings. The Ottawa Charter's tenets will be emphasised in order to address the issue of loneliness and isolation among senior people in South Australia.The first strategy would be the establishment of programs that are community-based and are effective in providing opportunities and age-centric care for older people and enabling their participation in social activities and connection with other members. These programs could consist of social clubs, senior centres and volunteer programs which help in forming a connection between the elderly and their communities (Dare et al., 2018).

The second strategy that could be effective is the fostering of collaboration between healthcare professionals and community organisations. These partnerships can operate together for the identification and support of older people who exhibit increased vulnerability towards social isolation. This can lead to the creation of supportive environments through the improvement in the workforce, thus reducing isolation (Gardiner et al., 2018). The third approach will be the usage of solutions that are based on technology which would enable older people to connect virtually with their communities and form social connections. This could consist of activities like video conferencing, and interacting through social networking sites which would again enable older people to effectively engage in social activities. This would also solve the issue of digital exclusion in the current aged care system (Zamir et al., 2020).

Evidence-based Literature

The literature supporting the creation of supportive environments for the promotion of health and well-being among the elderly is quite vast and varied. Several studies have found that supportive environments play a crucial role in the promotion of healthy aging among older adults. For instance, a study by Siette et al. (2019) indicated that social networks and support were crucial for promoting health and well-being among elderly people in Australia. The improvement in physical and mental health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic disease, melancholy, and anxiety, was mostly due to social networks and social support. The researchers came to the conclusion that fostering relationships was essential for enhancing elderly people's good ageing.

 The relevance of community resource accessibility in connection to the promotion of healthy ageing in older individuals was also highlighted by a study by Bonaccorsi et al. (2020). The places for recreation, transportation, and healthcare services are among these resources. The results of the study showed that older people in Australia who had better access to community resources fared better than those who did not in terms of their physical and mental health. The study's conclusion is that creating supportive physical environments that make it simpler for older people to access neighbourhood services is necessary to promote healthy ageing in older people. Furthermore, a comprehensive review by Salvo et al. (2018) discovered that older persons' access to built environment resources like public transportation, safe and walkable streets, and community resources is essential for promoting healthy ageing. The study found that the physical setting can have an impact on characteristics including physical activity levels, social engagement, and access to healthcare services—all of which are essential for promoting healthy ageing.

Another systemic review by Park et al. (2021) revealed that the physical environment has a significant relationship with the health and well-being of older adults. The study found that providing access to safe and walkable streets and green spaces, and public transportation were all associated with better physical and mental health outcomes among older adults. The study came to the conclusion that the creation of supportive physical environments is essential for promoting healthy aging among older adults. Lastly, a study by Fakoya et al. (2020) found that community-based programs that are responsible for providing social support and accessibility with respect to community resources have been effective agents in the reduction of social isolation among older adults in Australia. The study found that older adults who were engaged in community-based programs exhibited effective social connections, enhanced access to community resources, and improved physical and mental health. The authors concluded that community-based programs as interventions can generate promising results for reducing social isolation among older adults in Australia.

Recommendations for Health needs Assessment

A comprehensive health needs assessment would require a thorough and holistic analysis of the social determinants of the health of the community. This might comprise various methods of data collection consisting of interviews, surveys, secondary data and focus groups. The secondary sources of data might include reports and government statistics (Jackson et al., 2018). The first step would be defining the target population or population of interest which in this case, would be older people in South Australia who are vulnerable to isolation, in addition to those, who live with limited mobility and those who live alone (Majid, 2018). This will also comprise elderly individuals who may not have any access to community resources or social networks. After the identification of the population of interest, the next step would be analysing the risk factors and principal health issues associated with the target population (Majid, 2018). This can be done by gathering information and data on various related health outcomes such as mental health disorders, utilization of healthcare services and other chronic diseases. Other factors such as housing, income and support networks can also be taken into consideration (Kilbourne et al., 2018).

Finally, a set of recommendations can be developed based on the needs analysis which can be then used to address the health needs of the identified community. These can encompass various interventions aimed at improving access to healthcare services that are affordable and accessible along with helpline numbers and social networks that enable social support (Kazdin, 2019). Other recommendations can be regarding the improvement of the physical environment which includes transportation systems, safe and walkable streets and increased access to green spaces (Slater et al., 2020). Furthermore, the involvement of different stakeholders can also play a key role in the assessment process. This would comprise healthcare providers, community leaders and organisations that offer social service. This would enable gaining an understanding that is more comprehensive in concern with the health needs of the community and also leads to the development of interventions that are specific and can meet the needs and concerns of the elderly population more efficiently (Wale et al., 2021).

Part B: Reflection

This particular activity helped me gain insights and develop an understanding related to the importance and urgent need to address the problem of isolation among older adults in South Australia and how the creation of supportive environments can be an effective contributing factor towards the promotion of healthy aging in older adults. The peer-reviewed literature enabled me to gain knowledge on the different elements that act as factors of contribution towards social isolation and the interventions which can be developed and implemented to address the same. I felt that for me, the easiest part of this activity was going through peer-reviewed literature and choosing studies that resonated with the chosen action area. I came across a number of studies that emphasized addressing the issue of isolation among the elderly in Australia and focusing on the requirement for the creation of supportive environments that enable the promotion of healthy aging. These studies helped me to understand various perspectives on the chosen issue and action area and develop a comprehensive understanding. On the other hand, the part which I found particularly challenging in this activity was the organisation of the information and ensuring that it is presented in a manner that is clear and concise. In addition to this, it was also important for me to present responses that were well-structured and provided clarity on the chosen issue. Lastly, as far as feedback is concerned, I would really appreciate it if I could get critical insights related to the structure and quality of my responses provided. However, there may be areas where I could improve in terms of clarity and depth of analysis. Any feedback that would help me improve my responses would be greatly appreciated.

References

Australian Government. (2021). Social isolation and loneliness . https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness-covid-pandemic

Bonaccorsi, G., Manzi, F., Del Riccio, M., Setola, N., Naldi, E., Milani, C., & Lorini, C. (2020). Impact of the built environment and the neighborhood in promoting the physical activity and the healthy aging in older people: An umbrella review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 17 (17), 6127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176127

Clair, R., Gordon, M., Kroon, M., & Reilly, C. (2021). The effects of social isolation on well-being and life satisfaction during pandemic. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications , 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00710-3

Cohen-Mansfield, J., & Eisner, R. (2020). The meanings of loneliness for older persons. Aging & Mental Health , 24 (4), 564-574. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1571019

Dare, J., Wilkinson, C., Marquis, R., & Donovan, R. J. (2018). “The people make it fun, the activities we do just make sure we turn up on time.” Factors influencing older adults’ participation in community‐Based group programmes in Perth, Western Australia. Health & Social Care in the Community , 26 (6), 871-881. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12600

Donovan, N. J., & Blazer, D. (2020). Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: review and commentary of a national academies report. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 28 (12), 1233-1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005

Fakoya, O. A., McCorry, N. K., & Donnelly, M. (2020). Loneliness and social isolation interventions for older adults: A scoping review of reviews. BMC Public Health , 20 , 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8251-6

Gardiner, C., Geldenhuys, G., & Gott, M. (2018). Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: An integrative review. Health & Social Care in the Community , 26 (2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12367

Jackson, K. M., Pukys, S., Castro, A., Hermosura, L., Mendez, J., Vohra-Gupta, S., & Morales, G. (2018). Using the transformative paradigm to conduct a mixed methods needs assessment of a marginalized community: Methodological lessons and implications. Evaluation and Program Planning , 66 , 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2017.09.010

Kazdin, A. E. (2019). Annual research review: Expanding mental health services through novel models of intervention delivery. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 60 (4), 455-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12937

Kilbourne, A. M., Beck, K., Spaeth‐Rublee, B., Ramanuj, P., O'Brien, R. W., Tomoyasu, N., & Pincus, H. A. (2018). Measuring and improving the quality of mental health care: A global perspective. World Psychiatry , 17 (1), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20482

Majid, U. (2018). Research fundamentals: Study design, population, and sample size. Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology Journal , 2 , 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.16

Moore, S., & Carpiano, R. M. (2020). Introduction to the special issue on “social capital and health: What have we learned in the last 20 Years and where do we go from here?”. Social Science & Medicine , 257 , 113014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113014

Moreno, C., Wykes, T., Galderisi, S., Nordentoft, M., Crossley, N., Jones, N., & Arango, C. (2020). How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry , 7 (9), 813-824.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30307-2

Park, Y. S., McMorris, B. J., Pruinelli, L., Song, Y., Kaas, M. J., & Wyman, J. F. (2021). Use of geographic information systems to explore associations between neighborhood attributes and mental health outcomes in adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 18 (16), 8597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168597

Salvo, G., Lashewicz, B. M., Doyle-Baker, P. K., & McCormack, G. R. (2018). Neighbourhood built environment influences on physical activity among adults: A systematized review of qualitative evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 15 (5), 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050897

Siette, J., Seaman, K., Dodds, L., Ludlow, K., Johnco, C., Wuthrich, V., & Westbrook, J. I. (2021). A national survey on COVID-19 second-wave lockdowns on older adults’ mental wellbeing, health-seeking behaviours and social outcomes across Australia. BMC Geriatrics , 21 (1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02352-1

Slater, S. J., Christiana, R. W., & Gustat, J. (2020). Peer Reviewed: Recommendations for keeping parks and green space accessible for mental and physical health during COVID-19 and other pandemics. Preventing Chronic Disease , 17 . https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200204

Victor, C. R., & Pikhartova, J. (2020). Lonely places or lonely people? Investigating the relationship between loneliness and place of residence. BMC Public Health , 20 (1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08703-8

Wale, J. L., Thomas, S., Hamerlijnck, D., & Hollander, R. (2021). Patients and public are important stakeholders in health technology assessment but the level of involvement is low–a call to action. Research Involvement and Engagement , 7 (1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-020-00248-9

World Health Organisation. (2023). Health promotion . https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/enhanced-well-being/first-global-conference

Zamir, S., Hennessy, C., Taylor, A., & Jones, R. (2020). Intergroup ‘Skype’quiz sessions in care homes to reduce loneliness and social isolation in older people. Geriatrics , 5 (4), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5040090

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