From the above table, we see that the value of chi – square test statistic (with 4 degrees of freedom) is 2346.756 and its corresponding p – value is 0.000 < 0.05. Since the p – value of chi – square test statistic falls well below 0.05, there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance. Therefore, we conclude that there is an association between gender and disease. About 40.2% of the males in Australia die due to Coronary heart disease and 18.22% of the males in Australia die due to Lung Cancer. on the other hand, 30.69% of the females in Australia die due to Coronary heart disease and 25.53% of the females in Australia die due to Dementia and Alzheimer disease. Thus, we see that Coronary heart disease is the common cause of death for many people in Australia. For males, Lung cancer also turns out to be a vital cause of death and for females, Dementia and Alzheimer disease turns out to be second vital cause of death almost equaling coronary heart disease
Part C – Independent Sample t test
In order to determine whether there is a significant difference in mean deaths per 100,000 populations between male and female counterparts, we perform independent sample t test. The null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference in mean number of deaths per 100,000 population between male and female counterparts against the alternate hypothesis that there is a significant difference in mean number of deaths per 100,000 population between male and female counterparts. The table given below shows the workings of independent sample t test statistic
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
From the above table, we see that the value of t test statistic is 7.021449 and its corresponding p – value is 0.000 < 0.05. Since the p – value of t test statistics falls well below 0.05, there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance and conclude that there is a significant difference in mean number of deaths per 100,000 population between male and female counterparts. Going through the mean values, it is found that the mean number of male death (1557.94 ± 468.71) is high when compared with female counterparts (1124.90 ± 432.80). The data was taken from 1907 to 2013 and it was found that, the number of male deaths is high in 1907 and it started to decline and reached 645.9 deaths per 100,000 population in 2013. Even though the death rates decreased considerably over the years, the proportion of male death is alarmingly high when compared with female counterparts
Part D – ANOVA
In order to determine whether there is a significant difference in mean number of clients by principal drug of concern and age group, we perform two way ANOVA. The ANOVA output is given below
ANOVA: Two-Factor Without Replication
Going through the ANOVA table, we see that the value of F test statistic for the main effect principal drug of concern is 5.24 and its corresponding p = value is 0.00354 < 0.05, indicating that there is a significant difference in the mean number of people affected with various types of principal drug of concern
Going through the ANOVA table, we see that the value of F test statistic for the main effect Age is 6.08 and its corresponding p = value is 0.0006 < 0.05, indicating that there is a significant difference in the mean number of people affected among different types of age groups
Going through the mean values, it is found that the mean number of people using Alcohol as principal drug of concern is high when compared with other categories of principal drug of concern followed by Cannabis and Amphetamines
Conclusion
The study mainly focuses on the health report of people living in Australia. The data was taken from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Regarding the distribution of age, about 54% of the people aged between 20 years and 39 years, 32% of the people aged over 40 years and 14% of the people aged between 10 years and 19years. Here, we see that there is a significant difference in the mean death rates between the male and female counterparts. Regarding the association between gender and disease, Coronary heart disease is the common cause of death for many people in Australia. For males, Lung cancer also turns out to be a vital cause of death and for females, Dementia and Alzheimer disease turns out to be second vital cause of death almost equaling coronary heart disease. Thus, we see that the most common disease that causes death to Australian population is Coronary heart disease.
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