Mr Frank Case Study Sample

Malaria (Drug-Resistant) 

Introduction to Mr Frank Case Study

Malaria is a fatal medical condition which is mainly caused by a parasite. This parasite is created by a certain type of mosquito that infects the humans by feeding on them. There are mainly four types of malaria parasites acknowledged. These parasites include, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae (Loy, 2017).Drug resistant malaria is a condition where the parasite is able to strain, survive or multiple further, despite taking required measures. The drugs for malaria are generally administered to the patients in higher doses, than the recommended one. The dose however, might vary from person to person. There is a fair chance of increased drug resistance to antimalarial drugs, especially in patients who have been on prolonged use of the medication.

Why Drug-Resistant Malaria Is an Emerging Health Issue?

Malaria still persists as a vital public health related issue. This falls true for multiple countries, with an ongoing spread of the infection through transmission on a regular basis (Arie, 2017). Malaria is also described as a complex disease that may vary with the reflection of epidemiology as well as clinical presentation of the condition, in various parts of the world, especially where it is active spread phase. The results of various geographical boundaries vary due to multiple factors. It can be due to the type of causative agent, susceptibility of the population to commonly administered anti-malarial medication dose, the vector of distribution of the mosquito, climatic and environmental changes and level of immunity acquired by the general population. All these attributing factors also contribute largely to add on the overall risk associated with the condition. Multiple factors might vary with various stratified zones; therefore, the pattern of the disease has to be analysed with respect to the underlying factor (Kumar, 2016). There have been multiple management strategies applied, but to get an appropriate and affordable solution for the situation, has been a big challenge. Epidemiology is another concern that is to be taken into account while formulating solution for this disease. The control and prevention strategies are to be drafted in per-text to the same (Gupta, 2018).

Another major challenge in nullifying the impact of this condition has been the antimalarial drug resistance. It has been an emerging concern that has raised many eyebrows. Antimalarial drug resistance has posed a big hinderance in averting the spread of the condition. This drug resistance has been observed over multiple geographical zones, inflicting upon various age groups (Oboh, 2018). Due to this underlying cause, there has not been an increased spread of infection, but also re-emergence of new cases reported in areas, where it was previously confirmed and reported to be resolved. The problem has magnified at multiple levels, directly impacting upon the occurrence and severity of the epidemic in various parts of the world. The shift of paradigm of population groups from one geographical latitude to another, has surfaced as the contributing factor in introducing resistant form of parasite, to previously infection freed zones. It is also a concerning public health issue due to economic factors aligned with development of newer pharmaceutical drugs developed for tropical disease, such as malaria (Davis, 2019). There is a great lack in population awareness, in regards with highlighting the impact and whereabouts of the condition to the patients. This increased disparity in the resistance offered by the antimalarial drug has also affected on the increased medical burden and increased cost spent for the ramification of the disease. This has also added to the burden of achieving an ultimate parasitological cure for the condition (Lyttleton, 2018).

As per WHO malaria has been found to occur in almost 90 countries. Almost 40 percentage of the world’s population has been living under the global risk of malaria transmission (Wijesundere, 2017). The worst part being, that economically undriven countries are the most affected by the condition. There is also a scarcity of proper sanitizations as well as profound medical remedies in place to rectify the spread and impact of the condition. This has also been a hidden factor initiating the spread of the infection in areas, where it was previously eradicated. Even with sound strategic plans in place, many countries lack behind in the field of malaria related search and controlling activities that limits the epidemic spread of this diseased condition. Thus, many nations have observed technical limitations in tackling with this condition, leaving it to be overall matter of grave concern from public health perspective.

Preventive Strategies- Key Concepts

The preventive measure for drug-resistant malaria can be bifurcated into categories, as per the target defined. The main aim is to reduce likelihood of development of drug resistance for this diseased condition. The reduction of overall rate of spread of infection or its transmission is largely modulated by an indirect impact on the development of drug resistance for any medication or condition (Thu, 2017). By reducing the overall likelihood of infection outbreak and by containing the underlying factors, the conduction of infection to the new host can be contained very well. Interventions that aim at preventing drug resistance, should be generally focused on lowering the overall drug pressure through a more methodical approach. this can also be attained by various other methods such as, improving drug prescription, introducing more profound follow-up practices, ensuring patient compliance, using combination drug therapy and many other multi-facet approaches. This will help in reducing the fostering of the infection and facilitate in negating out the spread of resistant parasites.

Lowering overall drug pressure can be considered as one of the most primary concerns that can be very helpful. This can be done by limiting the drug use and prescription to further limit the spread and magnification of the infection in the common masses. This can also be attained by improving the diagnostic measures (White, 2017). The test for malaria resistant patients can be done by the means of rapid antigen test. This method can supersede the occasionally used method of subtherapeutic blood levels to detect the gravity of the disease.

Ramifications are also required due modulate the overall method in which drug is administered. There are multiple ailments that make use of observant procedures, which make sure that a higher degree of compliance is followed. This regimen is somehow still not followed when it comes to the spread and transmission of malaria. The methods are to gazed from the point of view of being cost effective as well. Another method that can be helpful in the given scenario is the use of close follow-up with the patient, post drug administration (Mishra, 2017). The tracking and monitoring of the patient, will give details about the response observed in an individual patient. the success of this strategy strictly depends on the availability of a reliable microscopic results and infrastructure that helps in reducing the chances of errors while obtaining clinical results. Noting for individual patient pattern, will help in identifying the common pattern observed in the general ethnicity and race. This will enable the task force to formulate patient specific solutions, thus, rendering more accurately positive results.

Combination therapy has been another successful approach to drug-resistant malaria in the recent times. These drugs can be a variant of mefloquine, SP, or amodiaquine provided along with an artemisinin derivative (Dheda, 2017). Artemisinin class of drugs are considered to have a much rapid action for the condition, compared to other counterpart of drug classes used. These are very long acting drugs that can be helpful in reducing parasitic density. This has been strongly observed to be beneficial in reducing the overall likelihood of parasite surviving (Scott, 2018). This strategy can thus, be very effective in regions where there have been reported incidences of relapse of the diseased condition. Even at suboptimal levels of infection, administration of combination drug therapy can come in quite handy, when there is a risk for the patient to develop antimalarial drug resistance.

There are also chances of combining antimalarial drug therapy with chemotherapy vaccines. These medications can be helpful in strictly catering to contain the transmission of the disease in the first place (Chakraborty, 2016). These transmission-blocking agents can help in simplifying the solution at the initial stages of management itself. Thus, lowering the overall burden of the condition on the population group inflicted by the same. However, there is a feeble chance that the drug might be as effective as the basic medication set for the treatment purposes of drug-resistant malaria. Although for making any significant advances in this field of work might require huge changes in the healthcare setup, ensuring sound infrastructure and higher-quality services, available readily for use.

Teamwork and Communication

As per the current situation of the healthcare structure and its greater influence on the private approaches, there can be a way to increase the accessibility of the drug to every individual and with equal opportunity as well. With the collaborative approach of multiple level organizations and authoritarian bodies, some advances against anti-malarial drug can be anticipated. With team approach there is way to develop a long-term successful strategic methodology. This can include, regularization in the supply of new and advanced drugs, the prices can be set at an affordable cost through mutual consent. These methodically crafted strategies can be helpful in instigating atleast a short-term reduction in the overall morbidity and mortality caused by drug resistant malaria. These factors cumulatively can help in lowering the overall burden of the disease (Achan, 2018). With the help of collaborative approach and team efforts, there can be a collection of sound fundings attained for the development of newer and advanced methods. The time and calibre can be devoted to faithful and future scientific advances and technologies, that can be fruitful in developing antimalarial drugs that can be of high potential. These drugs can be crafted in a manner that serves the benefit for general population and can be used in the environment within an essentially controlled manner. This collaborative approach can also be helpful in prolonging the life span of the drug and thus, increasing its likelihood in controlling the impact of drug interaction and drug resistance after use by population in any geographical settings. Significant collective approaches towards these advanced care practice will also help in smooth facilitation of drug regulation in the market to be put out for common use, by authentic and legitimate channels (Walker, 2020). This will ensure changes in overall healthcare infrastructures as well, pushing them to make amendments for providing higher quality care and making the services more readily available for the common masses.

Team work and good communication can be helpful for tackling this situation on a global basis as well. It will help in collecting the data of the prevalence of the condition and analysing its epidemiologic pattern. This pattern will be helpful in providing an insight for solution to be crafted on the basis of current information available pertaining the pattern of occurrence and spread (Canavati, 2016). The strategic management will also be helpful in setting the priorities right for formulating target-based approach. This target-based approach can be based on medication, type of causative agent, specific population group involved, particular race or ethnicity of the group of population to be evaluated and multiple other factors.

Learning Summary

The role of multidisciplinary approach is the best possible technique that can be helpful to resolve this health-related issue. There is a sire need to significantly and constantly identify and invest in strategies that can help with acceptance and compliance of the drug amongst the common masses. Multiple officials from different levels of hierarchy can play a vital role in this process. Both public and private sector should work in a team spirit to resolve this underlying medical adversity. All levels of official and unofficial healthcare systems, private sector and welfare communities can play a crucial role in ensuring smooth facilitation of these clinical services, to be put to use for a larger group pf population. There is also a dire need to highlight the healthcare workers on the judicial use and prescription of these drug doses to ensure safe delivery of medical care is provided to the patients. It will also help in lowering the overall impact of factors that are largely responsible for developing a strong resistance for the drug in patients suffering from malaria. There is also an urgent need of improving drug effectiveness and drug regulation. This will provide an added benefit of controlling the endemic outbreak of the condition in multiple countries. This will again be helpful in controlling the overuse and over prescription of the drug and thus, significantly reducing the drug resistance. This will inadvertently help in promoting efficacy of the drug dose administered for correction of the disease. Multi-level collaborative approach can also be helpful for supporting new drug development. It will help in investigating newer and advanced methods for delivering the drug. Some of these effective methods can include, time release formation based on a customized delivery system. The drug pharmacokinetics also plays a vital role in this process. These newer drug delivery methods can also be formulated on the basis of reducing the half-life of drug and thus, largely helping in optimizing the drug compliance. There is also a lack on the part of diagnostic component. With improvement in the access and use of defined methods for diagnosing, a customized treatment plan can be crafted for the patient, based on the same. As this method will be defined as per the patient’s specifications, it can fruitful in precuring positive healthcare outcomes and thus, improved healthcare statics. The team collaboration should also be supportive of constant process of newer drugs and vaccination programs to be supported. This will be helpful in not only adapting to the changing dynamics of the healthcare settings, but will also help in crafting solutions up to the mark. Thus, largely ensuring implementation of strong preventive measures in place for patient’s benefit.

Conclusion on Mr Frank Case Study

There is a lack of data collection regarding the impact of drug-resistant malaria. Despite constant efforts the spread of infection is still at large, with re-occurrence in areas it has been completely eradicated. These times call for reflection on limitation of the healthcare system, which is failing to analyze the situation as per its grave severity. Role of multiple intervention strategies and strong collaborative team approach is required to tackle with the condition and contain the spread. There also a dire need to reflect and rectify the healthcare solutions and device them as a final remedy to prevent the further spread of the diseased condition. However, there has been a drastic improvement in the statistical data, resolves and remedies are still needed at large to ensure the containment and further prevention of the drug-resistant malaria.

References for Mr Frank Case Study

Achan, J., Mwesigwa, J., Edwin, C. P., & D’alessandro, U. (2018). Malaria medicines to address drug resistance and support malaria elimination efforts. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 11(1), 61-70. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1387773

Arie, S. (2017). Researchers and WHO clash over global threat of drug resistant malaria. British Medical Journal, 359, 51-27. DOI https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5127

Canavati, S. E., De Beyl, C. Z., Ly, P., Shafique, M., Boukheng, T., Rang, C., ... & Sintasath, D. (2016). Evaluation of intensified behaviour change communication strategies in an artemisinin resistance setting. Malaria Journal, 15(1), 249. DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1276-8

Chakraborty, A. (2016). Emerging drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: a review of well-characterized drug targets for novel antimalarial chemotherapy. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 6(7), 581-588. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61090-3

Davis, S., Button-Simons, K., Bensellak, T., Ahsen, E. M., Checkley, L., Foster, G. J., ... & Nosten, F. (2019). Leveraging crowdsourcing to accelerate global health solutions. Nature Biotechnology, 37(8), 848-850. DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0180-5

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Kumar, S., Singh, R. K., Patial, B., Goyal, S., & Bhardwaj, T. R. (2016). Recent advances in novel heterocyclic scaffolds for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 31(2), 173-186. DOI https://doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2015.1016513

Loy, D. E., Liu, W., Li, Y., Learn, G. H., Plenderleith, L. J., Sundararaman, S. A., ... & Hahn, B. H. (2017). Out of Africa: origins and evolution of the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. International Journal for Parasitology, 47(2-3), 87-97. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.05.008

Lyttleton, C. (2018). Vigilance and sentinels in global health security. Medical Anthropology, 37(4), 327-342. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2017.1423071

Mishra, M., Mishra, V. K., Kashaw, V., Iyer, A. K., & Kashaw, S. K. (2017). Comprehensive review on various strategies for antimalarial drug discovery. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 125, 1300-1320. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.025

Oboh, M. A., Singh, U. S., Antony, H. A., Ndiaye, D., Badiane, A. S., Ali, N. A., ... & Das, A. (2018). Molecular epidemiology and evolution of drug-resistant genes in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in southwestern Nigeria. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 66, 222-228. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.10.007

Scott, N., Ataide, R., Wilson, D. P., Hellard, M., Price, R. N., Simpson, J. A., & Fowkes, F. J. (2018). Implications of population-level immunity for the emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria: a mathematical model. Malaria Journal, 17(1), 279. DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2418-y

Thu, A. M., Phyo, A. P., Landier, J., Parker, D. M., & Nosten, F. H. (2017). Combating multidrug‐resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The FEBS Journal, 284(16), 2569-2578. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.14127

Walker, S., Hignett, S., Lim, R., Parkhurst, C., & Samuel, F. (2020). Explaining drug-resistant infection in community pharmacies through effective information design. Design for Health, 4(1), 82-104. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/24735132.2020.1731201

White, N. J. (2017). Does antimalarial mass drug administration increase or decrease the risk of resistance?. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17(1), 15-20. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30269-9

Wijesundere, D. A., & Ramasamy, R. (2017). Analysis of historical trends and recent elimination of malaria from Sri Lanka and its applicability for malaria control in other countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 212. DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00212

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