NRSG371: Building Healthy Communities Assessment Answer

Vaccination as a Primary Health Care Nursing prevention strategy to address HPV in the community.

One primary healthcare nursing prevention strategy for addressing human papillomavirus (HPV) is vaccination programs. Promoting and delivering HPV vaccines to the community is a critical function of nurses. A proactive strategy to stop HPV infection and related morbidity and death is vaccination. A herd immunity effect is produced when a sizable section of the community receives vaccinations, which lowers the amount of HPV that is transmitted overall. This protects those who cannot receive vaccinations, such as those with specific medical issues, in addition to protecting those who have already received vaccinations (Stevens & Bryant, 2023). The plan is to raise awareness of the value of HPV vaccination throughout the community, especially among teenagers and their parents or guardians. According to Vorsters et al. (2019), nurses can actively participate in vaccination campaigns and are essential in teaching the public about HPV, its dangers, the advantages of immunisation, and the efficacy and safety of the current vaccinations. This instructional element raises awareness throughout the community and motivates people to take preventative action. They can also address any worries or misunderstandings to guarantee that decisions are made with knowledge. According to Dönmez et al. (2019), nurses play a significant role in lowering the prevalence of HPV infections by aggressively advocating and supporting HPV vaccination and building community immunity. This consequently results in a decrease in diseases associated with HPV, like cervical cancer. Nurses ensure that various populations, particularly underprivileged and vulnerable communities can get immunisation services when working in primary health care settings. This guarantees that preventive strategies are accessible to everyone and helps to address health disparities associated with HPV (Karasu et al., 2019). Using immunisation programmes, nurses can identify people who are at risk or who can benefit from extra preventive measures. Early intervention can further lessen the impact of HPV-related diseases by facilitating prompt screenings and follow-up care (Dahlstrom et al., 2021). Additionally, nurses can work with educational institutions such as schools to set up on-site HPV vaccination clinics. Reaching teenagers who might not have easy access to medical care outside of school is especially beneficial with this approach (Clavé Llavall et al., 2021). Utilising school channels, they can actively interact with parents and guardians, answering any worries and educating them about the HPV vaccine. Nurses can guarantee a high vaccine coverage rate among the target group by incorporating HPV vaccination into regular school immunisation schedules (Santa Maria et al., 2021). Beyond personal protection, the advantages also minimise the total burden of HPV-related disease and mortality, which has a greater positive impact on the community.

Collaboration of Dieticians and Registered Nurses to address Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)-related needs among Australian older adults.

According to Australian Health Report, 2022, between the years 2019 and 2021, dementia and CHD ranked as the primary causes of death, constituting approximately 10% of total annual deaths each (AIHW, 2022). The risk of developing CHD diminishes through alterations in diet and lifestyle adjustments. The role of diet extends to impacting the occurrence of heart diseases, the emergence of complications, the management of CHD, the recovery process, and the overall quality of life (Marques-Vidal et al., 2020). Therefore in an Australian community setting, a Registered Nurse (RN) might collaborate with a Dietician to respond to the healthcare needs related to CHD in older adults. Dietitians play a crucial role in promoting heart health through dietary interventions, education, and counseling. Dietitians can conduct nutritional assessments for older adults at risk of or already diagnosed with CHD. They can provide personalized dietary advice, taking into account individual health conditions, dietary preferences, and cultural considerations (Vadiveloo et al., 2020). The RN can work closely with Dietitians to identify patients who need nutritional support, facilitate referrals, and integrate dietary recommendations into the overall care plan. Dietitians can educate older adults about heart-healthy eating habits, including the importance of a balanced diet, portion control, and reducing intake of saturated and trans fats (Pallazola et al., 2019) The RN can reinforce dietary education provided by Dietitians during patient interactions, ensuring that patients understand and can implement the recommended dietary changes. Regular monitoring of nutritional status and adherence to dietary recommendations is essential for managing CHD. Dietitians can assess ongoing nutritional needs and make adjustments as necessary. The RN can incorporate nutritional monitoring into routine assessments, providing feedback to Dietitians and addressing any barriers or challenges patients may face in following dietary recommendations (Pallazola et al., 2019). In institutional settings like aged care facilities, dietitians are essential in improving food quality and ensuring that the nutritional needs of residents, particularly those at risk of or living with CHD, are met. The designated RNs can provide input on residents' medical conditions and dietary requirements to contribute to the development of heart-healthy menus (Cave et al., 2021). In such settings when dieticians conduct nutrition education sessions for residents, caregivers, and staff to promote heart-healthy eating habits, RN's role includes reinforcing dietitians' recommendations during one-on-one interactions with residents, addressing questions or concerns related to dietary changes.This in turn will promote the overall cardiovascular health of the aged community and decrease the overall incidence of CHD in the long run.

Incorporating Salad Bars to Schools into Primary Health Care Provision

According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention article, the Salad Bars to Schools programme offers a creative way to combat childhood obesity and encourage a balanced diet. Collaboration between nurses and schools is necessary to integrate this programme into the delivery of primary health care (CDC, 2019a;b). Primary Health Care Nurses (PHCNs) can work with educational institutions to promote healthy eating among students, parents, and staff. They can lead health education programmes that emphasise the advantages of eating fresh produce, describe the Salad Bars to Schools programme, and promote a healthy diet (CDC, 2019b). Nurses might encourage families to engage in the school's nutrition programmes and offer information about the health advantages of fresh produce during health examinations that involve discussing dietary habits (Bean, 2020). Regular wellness exams for students involve talks on diet and lifestyle choices with PHCNs. They can monitor kids' eating patterns, offer tailored guidance, and follow changes in health indicators. The proactive approach facilitates early intervention for probable diet-related health disorders. In order to match wellness policies with health promotion programmes like Salad Bars to Schools, PHCNs can collaborate with school administrators (McIsaac et al., 2018). This guarantees a thorough and cohesive approach to the welfare of students. As part of a more comprehensive health plan, PHSCNs can also encourage the introduction of salad bars into school cafeterias. When promoting better food choices, nurses must carefully consider the pupils' cultural preferences to administer the salad bar programme properly in schools. PHCNs can interact with the larger community to promote the Salad Bars to Schools programme. They can plan workshops, seminars, and community activities, including area companies, parents, and medical specialists. According to Day et al. (2019), this encourages community support and involvement in promoting healthier eating habits. In order to promote ongoing support for Salad Bars in Schools, PHCNs can take on the role of advocates and work in tandem with legislators, regional health departments, and school boards. This highlights a better diet's long-term health and educational benefits (McIsaac et al., 2018). Additionally, they must set up a framework for continuing observation and assessment of the Salad Bars to Schools initiative. In order to evaluate the program's effectiveness and make the required modifications, PHCNs can collaborate with school health teams to gather data on students' eating habits, shifts in the prevalence of obesity, and academic achievement (Schultz & Ruel-Bergeron, 2021).

Primary Health Nurses' partnering with the community to deal with obesity as a part of SDG 3

 The third Sustainable Development Goal, "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages," highlights the significance of attaining universal health coverage and tackling various health issues, including obesity and other non-communicable diseases (Singh Thakur et al., 2021). Primary Health Care Nurses can engage and collaborate with the community to fight obesity through a multimodal strategy to help achieve this goal. To increase public knowledge of the causes and effects of obesity, PHCNs can host educational events in their communities. Information on nutrition, healthy living options, and the value of regular exercise can all be covered in these instructional sessions. In partnership with community organisations, educational institutions, and local government agencies, PHCNs can host workshops and seminars on various subjects, including healthy cooking, reading food labels, and setting up spaces to encourage physical activity (Walker et al., 2021). They can collaborate with educational institutions to incorporate health and nutrition instruction into the curriculum and support the implementation of initiatives that encourage instructors, parents, and students to lead active lives and eat healthily. In order to encourage community members to engage in physical activity, such as walking clubs, sports, or group workouts, PHCNs can also push for local community organisations, fitness centres, or recreational centres to support such programmes (West et al., 2021). PHCNs working with their community clinic can regularly screen members of the public for obesity-related diseases, including diabetes and hypertension. Based on the findings of the screenings, they can then offer counselling and advice on lifestyle changes (Barua et al., 2023). Additionally, PHCNs can assist in setting up age-appropriate nutritional counselling services at the community health facility. PHCNs may collaborate closely with people and families to create individualised, long-lasting nutrition regimens because of their strong communication abilities. It is essential to design health promotion materials and interventions with cultural sensitivity and respect for the traditions and beliefs of the community in mind (Joo & Liu, 2020). PHCNs can incorporate conventional and culturally appropriate methods of leading healthy lives during these counselling sessions. PHCNs can utilise technology in health promotion initiatives by developing applications, social media campaigns, and online materials (Patrício et al., 2020). Virtual consultations or webinars on fitness and nutrition are also available to patients visiting the neighbourhood clinics with whom the PHCNs are associated. Additionally, PHCNs can go to neighbourhood support groups for those who are obese, encouraging others and building a community by discussing their successes with the group (Torrente-Sánchez et al., 2021).

References

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2022). Australia’s health 2022: data insights. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/c91a05ef-307f-4c18-8ed3-dfe33d0c603d/aihw-aus-240.pdf?v=20230919120233&inline=true

Barua, L., Palash Chandra Banik, & Faruque, M. (2023). Healthy behaviours, treatment, and control status of diagnosed hypertension and diabetes among the government nurses and para-health professionals of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(8), e0002234–e0002234. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002234

‌Bean, M. (2020). Salad Bars and Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Title I Elementary Schools. Health Behavior and Policy Review, 7(5), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.14485/hbpr.7.5.8

Cave, D., Abbey, K., & Capra, S. (2021). Food and nutrition champions in residential aged care homes are key for sustainable systems change within foodservices; results from a qualitative study of stakeholders. Nutrients, 13(10), 3566. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103566

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019a). Community Efforts . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/strategies/community.html

‌Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019b). Salad Bars to Schools: A Unique Public-Private Partnership. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/healthy-food-environments/saladbars2schools.html

‌Clavé Llavall, A., de Wildt, G., Meza, G., Tattsbridge, J., & Jones, L. (2021). Nurses’ and teachers’ perceived barriers and facilitators to the uptake of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination program in Iquitos, Peru: A qualitative study. PLOS ONE, 16(7), e0255218. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255218

‌Dahlstrom, K. R., Day, A., & Sturgis, E. M. (2021). Prevention and Screening of HPV Malignancies. 31(4), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2021.02.011

‌Day, R. E., Sahota, P., & Christian, M. S. (2019). Effective implementation of primary school-based healthy lifestyle programmes: a qualitative study of views of school staff. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7550-2

Dönmez, S., Öztürk, R., Kısa, S., Karaoz Weller, B., & Zeyneloğlu, S. (2019). Knowledge and perception of female nursing students about human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer, and attitudes toward HPV vaccination. Journal of American College Health, 67(5), 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1484364

Joo, J. Y., & Liu, M. F. (2020). Culturally tailored interventions for ethnic minorities: A scoping review. Nursing Open, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.733

‌Karasu, A. F. G., Adanir, I., Aydin, S., Ilhan, G. K., & Ofli, T. (2019). Nurses’ Knowledge and Opinions on HPV Vaccination: a Cross-Sectional Study from Istanbul. Journal of Cancer Education: The Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Education, 34(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-017-1272-x

Marques-Vidal, P., Jankowski, P., De Bacquer, D., & Kotseva, K. (2020). Dietary measures among patients with coronary heart disease in Europe. ESC EORP Euroaspire V. International Journal of Cardiology, 302, 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.12.064

McIsaac, J.-L. D., Spencer, R., Chiasson, K., Kontak, J., & Kirk, S. F. L. (2018). Factors Influencing the Implementation of Nutrition Policies in Schools: A Scoping Review. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2), 224–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118796891

Pallazola, V. A., Davis, D. M., Whelton, S. P., Cardoso, R., Latina, J. M., Michos, E. D., Sarkar, S., Blumenthal, R. S., Arnett, D. K., Stone, N. J., & Welty, F. K. (2019). A clinician’s guide to healthy eating for cardiovascular disease prevention. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes, 3(3), 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.05.001

Patrício, L., Sangiorgi, D., Mahr, D., Čaić, M., Kalantari, S., & Sundar, S. (2020). Leveraging service design for healthcare transformation: Toward people-centered, integrated, and technology-enabled healthcare systems. Journal of Service Management, 31(5), 889-909.https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-11-2019-0332

‌Santa Maria, D., Markham, C., Misra, S. M., Coleman, D. C., Lyons, M., Desormeaux, C., Cron, S., & Guilamo-Ramos, V. (2021). Effects of a randomised controlled trial of a brief, student-nurse led, parent-based sexual health intervention on parental protective factors and HPV vaccination uptake. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10534-0

Schultz, L., & Ruel-Bergeron, J. (2021). Considerations for Monitoring School Health and Nutrition Programs. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.645711

‌Singh Thakur, J., Nangia, R., & Singh, S. (2021). Progress and Challenges in Achieving Non-communicable Diseases Targets for the Sustainable Development Goals. FASEB BioAdvances, 3(8). https://doi.org/10.1096/fba.2020-00117

‌Stevens, D. L., & Bryant, A. E. (2023). Endemic, epidemic and pandemic infections: the roles of natural and acquired herd immunity. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 36(3), 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000916

‌Torrente-Sánchez, M. J., Ferrer-Márquez, M., Estébanez-Ferrero, B., Jiménez-Lasserrotte, M. del M., Ruiz-Muelle, A., Ventura-Miranda, M. I., Dobarrio-Sanz, I., & Granero-Molina, J. (2021). Social Support for People with Morbid Obesity in a Bariatric Surgery Programme: A Qualitative Descriptive Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126530

Vadiveloo, M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Anderson, C., Aspry, K., Foraker, R., Griggs, S., Hayman, L. L., Johnston, E., Stone, N. J., & Thorndike, A. N. (2020). Rapid diet assessment screening tools for cardiovascular disease risk reduction across healthcare settings: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.1161/hcq.0000000000000094

‌Vorsters, A., Bonanni, P., Maltezou, H. C., Yarwood, J., Brewer, N. T., Bosch, F. X., Hanley, S., Cameron, R., Franco, E. L., Arbyn, M., Muñoz, N., Kojouharova, M., Pattyn, J., Baay, M., Karafillakis, E., & Van Damme, P. (2019). The role of healthcare providers in HPV vaccination programs – A meeting report. Papillomavirus Research, 8, 100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pvr.2019.100183

West, K., Purcell, K., Haynes, A., Taylor, J., Hassett, L., & Sherrington, C. (2021). “People Associate Us with Movement so It’s an Awesome Opportunity”: Perspectives from Physiotherapists on Promoting Physical Activity, Exercise and Sport. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062963 ‌

‌‌Walker, T. J., Craig, D. W., Pavlovic, A., Thiele, S., Natale, B., Szeszulski, J., DeFina, L. F., & Kohl, H. W. (2021). Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Programming in Schools to Support Student’s Health-Related Fitness: An Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111069

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