Person centered care in contemporary Australian health Assessment Answers

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Introduction
The person-centered care (PCC) is a way of thinking and practicing where people are seen as equal partners in health or social services and their involvement is necessary in planning, developing and monitoring of their care for making sure that it fulfills their needs. Patient-centered care is often referred to as person-centered care and is associated to the healthcare rights of person according to Better Health Channel (n.d.) of the state government in Victoria.
In the case given the patient Joan is suffering from scoliosis and is 88 years old. She has become frail and her medical condition has restricted her mobility. She was moved to a hospital where she started feeling lonely which necessitates the adoption of PCC. The registered nurse who shall be taking care for her must understand the concept of PCC and how to implement the practice and principles of PCC so as to ensure quality healthcare delivery for Joan. Moreover, according to the Health.vic (n.d.) which is a government website, the PCC has to incorporated for giving quality healthcare especially to the older people.
Healthcare organizations worldwide are recognizing the importance of person centered care and are incorporating this approach in their healthcare settings. McCormack B. J. Dewing, McCance T. (2011) have defined it as a way for healthcare practice which is established by the formulation and promotion of relations which are therapeutic. It is based on the values of dignity and respect for individuals, rights for self-determination, understanding and mutual respect. This implies that people and their families are put at the center of decision making and their help is taken by the professionals for generating better health outcomes.
PCC is a very broad concept covering many strategies and practices. PCC is an approach which is related to the healthcare rights of an individual. It ensures that those persons who are a part of care and are central to the care are identified as significant part in the development of good quality of care according to Ashby ME and Dowding C (2001). According to Coulter A, and Collins A (2011), the practice of PCC has to be more developed so that social and health services can be made more person-centered.
Overview
In this essay the PCC is discussed and its concepts and principles are underpinned. Focus is given on autonomy aspect of person centered care and discussions are made for its relevant importance. Following are the ten references that have been used for this essay.
Person-Centered Care Ready for Prime Time
Job satisfaction amongst aged care staff exploring the influence of person-centered care provision
PersonCentered Care A Definition and Essential Elements
Is Patient-Centered Care the Same As Person-Focused Care
Treating Patients as Persons A Capabilities Approach to Support Delivery of Person-Centered Care
Person-Centered Care
Initiating Person-Centered Care Practices in Long-Term Care Facilities
Effects of person-centered care on residents and staff in aged-care facilities a systematic review.
Person-Centered Care For Nursing Home Residents The Culture-Change Movement
A Concept Analysis of Person-Centered Care
Part b
Person-centered care
In the given case study Joan who is living alone and is suffering from scoliosis. She had managed her life but because of old age she has become weak and her medical condition of scoliosis makes her movement restricted as there is a risk of injury from fall. Therefore, she was shifted to a nursing home however, she does not like to stay at nursing homes because she does not want to lose her new friends from the nursing home. Therefore, for her condition person-centered care is recommended which will fulfill her hierarchy of needs and make her stay at the nursing home comfortable.
Importance of PCC
PCC implementation in healthcare organizations has given positive results and it was for this reason and that it was featured in the list of priorities in the systems of American healthcare according to Talerico, K. A., et al (2003). It helps in the meeting of patients need as described in the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. It involves the patient in their healthcare decision making which provides more autonomy and individuality and observes the health rights of a person. It helps in the improvement of quality of healthcare services being administered to a person. It is maintained that PCC should be priority of healthcare because it helps in the improvement of healthcare services and help people receive the care which they need. It also helps in reducing the pressure on social and healthcare services. Ekman, I., et al (2011) had maintained that if their simple routines are systematically applied then PCC can become the focus of care for the patients of long-term illness. Edvardsson, D., et al (2011) found that the provisions of PCC enabled an enhanced level of job satisfaction amongst the workforce.
Aspects of PCC
As given by Picker Institute (n.d.) there are various aspects of PCC like values of people are respected, dignified and also they are made at the focus of care. Preferences and those needs of people which are expressed by them are taken into account. People are coordinated and integrated in the healthcare decision making. Good communication, education and efficient flow of information are facilitated by working together. Effective treatment is made accessible to the people. Emotional support is provided and friends and family are involved. Continuity between and also within the services are ensured. It is ensured that fast and appropriate advice is provided by the trusted healthcare to the people. People are made physically safe and attention is given to both environmental and physical needs.
PCC in contemporary Australian health settings
In Australia there is a mixed health care setting where delivery and funding of healthcare services are provided both public and private institutions. In spite of the complex system the systems have many strategies and approaches which are internationally recognized in PCC for the delivery of good quality of care.
The private healthcare organizations need to have accreditation from the government for which they have to adopt the standards of healthcare being imparted to patients and thus the approaches of PCC are adopted by them to ensure high quality of healthcare services. Health.vic (n.d.) mentions that the Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights also recognizes the rights of the patients. Neuwelt, P., amp Matheson, D. (2012) pointed out that in New Zealand, health ministry improving quality document gives priority to the people-centered care and defines it as the extent to which people and consumers are involved in the delivery of healthcare services so that the services are according to their preferences and needs. This document also identifies the rights of the patient in his healthcare management and participation in decisions related to his health. This document was aimed at enhancing the quality of healthcare. According to Caresearch (n.d) the concept of PCC is holistic care approach where the person is seen in relation to culture.
Autonomy
There are many concepts related to PCC like autonomy, beneficence, justice, non-maleficence etc. The autonomy holds an important place in the PCC approach. Autonomy in bioethics shows the value which is associated with the people to enable to live their lives as per their desire and conception of good or bad. The autonomy as given in PCC is helpful in self-management of health conditions as to provides support through the healthcare services given to people and they are able to do the management of their health conditions which lies outside their formal healthcare and also take part in the healthcare decision making which makes them better informed about their health condition according to Walker (2009). PCC being focused on autonomy also leads the physicians to give priority to the task oriented communication and provides more information in comparison to the supportive relations of physician and patients.
How a registered nurse can practice autonomy with PCC
In the given case of Joan who is suffering from scoliosis, a registered nurse can observe the autonomy of patient by adopting the approach of PCC by giving introduction and making a good relation with Joan as she lives alone and is in need of emotional support. A registered nurse has to explain his role to her so that she could understand his responsibilities. He must ask Joan about her experience on a daily basis related to her health conditions and emotional status. He must treat her as an equal partner in the healthcare delivery. He must listen to her actively and also respect the knowledge which she has in relation to her health condition and must listen to her families, friends and other care takers. He has to acknowledge that being in a hospital can be frightful experience for some people like Joan and therefore she must be treated empathetically. Feeling lonely and isolated while being at the hospital by Joan is a common experience and hence a registered nurse have to be present for her needs. He has to ensure Joan has got all the information which is needed by her for making informed choices.
An evidence-based approach for describing how the duty of care for the registered nurse is different from an enrolled nurse
An enrolled nurse has to work under the guidance and vigilance of a registered nurse and therefore there lies a difference in their duty of care. A registered nurse has more accountability and responsibility with respect to an enrolled nurse and also has more qualifications. A registered nurse can participate in the management and assessment of patient care like specialized and complex nursing care and undertake research. RN can be involved in medication administration and for duties of team and unit management. According to Young, A. (2009), the nurses also have a legal duty of care for the patient. RNs have higher degree of duty of care than the enrolled nurse. Also an RN needs to have understanding of the common and statutory law of Australia so as to ensure high quality care to the patients.
In a study conducted by Higgins, A et al (2019) it was concluded that epilepsy specialist nurses have a greater role administering quality care to patients. The specialist nurses are registered nurses who have got clinical expertise in their area of specialization. From this study it was concluded that ESNs were important in the process of accumulation, translation, application, generation and dissemination of evidence. They were involved actively and led the audit and evaluations of services and helped in the improvement of healthcare services. They acted as role models and opinion leaders with respect to the evidence-based practice and gave new knowledge through the research and audit. Thus the role of registered nurses has much more wide scope than the enrolled nurses.
References
American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on PersonCentered Care, BrummelSmith, K., Butler, D., Frieder, M., Gibbs, N., Henry, M., ... amp Saliba, D. (2016). Personcentered care A definition and essential elements. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(1), 15-18.
Ashby, M. E., amp Dowding, C. (2001). Hospice care and patients pain communication between patients, relatives, nurses and doctors. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 7(2), 58-67.
Betterhealth channel (n.d.). Patient Centered Care explained. Retrieved from https//www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/patient-centred-care-explainedBrownie, S., amp Nancarrow, S. (2013). Effects of person-centered care on residents and staff in aged-care facilities a systematic review. Clinical interventions in Aging, 8, 1.
Caresearch (n.d.). Person-Centred Care. Retrieved fromhttps//www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/1581/Default.aspx
Coulter, A., amp Collins, A. (2011). Making shared decision-making a reality. London Kings Fund.
Crandall, L. G., White, D. L., Schuldheis, S., amp Talerico, K. A. (2007). Initiating person-centered care practices in long-term care facilities. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 33(11), 47-56.
Edvardsson, D., Fetherstonhaugh, D., McAuliffe, L., Nay, R., amp Chenco, C. (2011). Job satisfaction amongst aged care staff exploring the influence of person-centered care provision. International Psychogeriatrics Association, 23(8), 1205-1212.
Ekman, I., Swedberg, K., Taft, C., Lindseth, A., Norberg, A., Brink, E., ... amp Lidn, E. (2011). Person-centered careReady for prime time. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 10(4), 248-251.
Entwistle, V. A., amp Watt, I. S. (2013). Treating patients as persons a capabilities approach to support delivery of person-centered care. The American Journal of Bioethics, 13(8), 29-39.
health.vic (n.d.). Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights. Retrieved from https//www2.health.vic.gov.au/about/participation-and-communication/australian-charter-healthcare-rightshealth.vic (n.d.). Person Centered Practice. Retrieved from https//www2.health.vic.gov.au/aboutHiggins, A., Downes, C., Varley, J., Doherty, C., Begley, C., amp Elliott, N. (2019). Evidencebased practice among Epilepsy Specialist Nurses in the Republic of Ireland findings from the SEN sE study. Journal of Nursing Management.
Koren, M. J. (2010). Person-centered care for nursing home residents The culture-change movement. Health Affairs, 29(2), 312-317.
McCormack, B., Dewing, J., amp Mccance, T. (2011). Developing person-centred care addressing contextual challenges through practice development.
Morgan, S., amp Yoder, L. H. (2012). A concept analysis of person-centered care. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 30(1), 6-15.
Neuwelt, P., amp Matheson, D. (2012). New Zealands journey towards people-centred care.International Journal of Person Centered Medicine,2(1), 73-79.
Picker Institute. (n.d.). Principles of Person-Centered Care. Retrieved from https//www.picker.org/about-us/picker-principles-of-person-centred-care/Starfield, B. (2011). Is patient-centered care the same as person-focused care. The Permanente Journal, 15(2), 63.
Talerico, K. A., amp Swafford, K. L. (2003). Person-centered care. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing And Mental Health Services, 41(11), 12-16.
Young, A. (2009). the legal duty of care for nurses and other health professionals. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(22), 3071-3078.

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