Social and Economic Environment Assignment Sample

Subject Name : Arts and Humanities

Introduction

Settler colonialism is a framework that perpetuates the obliteration and devastation of indigenous individuals as a pre-condition for the appropriation of their lands and resources. This definition, postulated by academician Patrick Wolfe, accentuates that settler colonialism is not an isolated occurrence, but rather an entrenched system within societies (Hakim et al. 2023). The structure of settler colonialism is predicated on the notion that the land and resources of native people are available for the taking by the settler society (Hakim et al. 2023). This process frequently entails violent dispossession, cultural assimilation, and physical extermination of indigenous people, which are executed through a range of mechanisms such as government-sponsored policies, laws, and cultural traditions (Barry & Agyeman, 2020).

Winter in the Blood articulated by James Welch and The Sentence by Louise Erdrich are two novels that are known to extrapolate the themes pertinent with settler colonialism, its implications on indigenous communities, and their arduous endeavour to practice and uphold their cultural identities and reclaim their lands (Barry & Agyeman, 2020).

Winter in the Blood is a literary work that delves into the existential crisis of Virgil, a Native American protagonist grappling with the complexities of his identity and purpose in life. Set against the backdrop of Montana, the novel portrays the harsh realities of reservation life, where indigenous peoples are systematically marginalized, and their cultural heritage faces an inexorable decline (Hakim et al. 2023). The work is a poignant and insightful commentary on the devastating impact of settler colonialism on Native American communities, illuminating the various mechanisms through which cultural erasure is perpetuated. The novel underscores the primacy of communal bonds and cultural identity in the face of a hegemonic system that seeks to efface them (Barry & Agyeman, 2020).

The Sentence by Louise Erdrich is work of art that revolves around a Native American woman, who goes by the name Shawnee, who is wrongly convicted of a criminal activity, consequently sentenced to penitentiary (Veracini & Slyomovics, 2022). The novel expounds the ramifications that settler colonialism imposed upon indigenous people's interactions with the criminal judiciary. Aside from that, the novel also draws attention towards the gravity of community and exemplary resilience in the face of staunch oppression, and the impediments that the indigenous people have to encounter to assert their sovereignty and rights to their land (Veracini & Slyomovics, 2022).

In essence, the literary works, Winter in the Blood along with the other novel, employ their characters as a means of illuminating the pervasive as well as institutionalized nature of settler colonialism, and the profound and enduring toll it has taken on the lives and cultures of the indigenous peoples, all while maligning their respective identities to a great extent (Ajl, 2023). Moreover, these works emphasize the remarkable fortitude, vigor, and opposition of indigenous communities in the face of perpetual subjugation. Collectively, these novels offer astute and insightful analyses of the persisting aftermath of settler colonialism on indigenous populations (Ajl, 2023).

Settler Colonialism as a Structure

Settler colonialism is a persistent and entrenched system that engenders the disinheritance, relocation, and marginalization of Indigenous populations. This structural oppression is deeply ingrained in societies, necessitating the establishment of a new society founded on the settler-colonial relationship and the obliteration of Indigenous peoples and their customs (Marshall, 2023). This framework is sustained through a variety of mechanisms, including state-sanctioned policies, laws, and cultural norms that continue to propagate violence, prejudice, and marginalization towards Indigenous communities (McLerran, 2019).

The ever-going nature of settler colonialism is palpable in the self-evident land dispossession and the blatant denial of sovereignty of Indigenous peoples along with their self-determination. Indigenous peoples have been subjected to emphatically and compellingly evict from their ancestral lands, which was later subjugated by settlers for their own sake (Amoruso, Pappé & Richter-Devroe, 2019). The ramifications pertaining to dispossession are even evident still today, as Indigenous peoples carries on the baton to raise their voice to fight for their rights whether it is their forefather’s land or resources. The renunciation of sovereignty aside from self-determination has eventually led to continual challenges for Indigenous peoples to even have a say or contribute affirmatively to the decisions that would inherently affect their communities and their lands (Marshall, 2023).

Settler colonialism is characterized by deep-seated and institutionalized racism directed towards Indigenous peoples. This prejudice takes on multifaceted expressions, including prejudicial policies, practices, and attitudes that serve to perpetuate Indigenous marginalization and erasure (Kuokkanen, 2020). The deleterious effects of this racism are observable through the disproportionate rates of poverty, unemployment, and health disparities experienced by Indigenous communities. Moreover, this pernicious racism sustains enduring patterns of violence and discrimination against Indigenous peoples, often overlooked or minimized by the broader society (Carminati, 2021).

The pernicious effects of settler colonialism are manifest in the obliteration of Indigenous peoples and their customs. This obliteration is discernible in the disappearance of Indigenous tongues, cultural mores, and practices due to the acculturation policies that were enforced by settler authorities. This erasure is a direct outcome of the systemic and structural character of settler colonialism, which endeavours to efface Indigenous peoples and their modes of existence from the land that they have inhabited for centuries (Truett, 2019).

To sum it up, settler colonialism is a structure that reinforces the marginalization, displacement, and dispossession suffered by Indigenous peoples. This structure is already deeply instilled across societies, and its implication is vivid during the course of the ongoing stigmatization, violence, and absolute deletion of Indigenous peoples’ traditions and cultural practices (Patel, 2021). Indigenous peoples, even after experiencing so many struggles, continue to raise their concerns and fight against settler colonialism, striving for their sovereignty, self-determination, and the recognition of their rights to their lands and resources (Sabbagh-Khoury, 2022).

Patrick Wolfe's scholarship on the matter of settler colonialism presents an exemplary along with comprehensive framework to intricately scrutinize the multifarious concerns that plague the Indigenous-settler nexus (Konishi, 2019). In consonance with Wolfe's postulations, settler colonialism should be reviewed as a system rather than a solitary event that perpetuates the dispossession and marginalization of Indigenous peoples as a prerequisite for the expropriation of lands and resources by settlers. This framework thus enables a nuanced analysis of a spectrum of issues related to Indigenous-settler relations, such as land and resource conflicts, legal and political systems, and cultural production (Konishi, 2019).

One of the pivotal issues coherent to settler colonialism is land issue, aside from resource conflicts. Indigenous peoples have been grappling and feuding over their birthrights pertinent to their respective lands for generations, and these feuds continued even to this day (Konishi, 2019). Settler colonialism yearns for dispossessing Indigenous peoples off of their lands along with their resources, and this dispossession is not only justified but validated through various legal counsel and political apparatus that are designed in such a manner that can uphold settler interests for years to come. By inculcating the framework of settler colonialism, it is feasible to intricately evaluate the manner in which these legal as well as political systems perpetuate the marginalization of Indigenous peoples and their perpetual tussle for rights to their resources and lands (Ostler & Shoemaker, 2019).

Another noteworthy concern pertinent to settler colonialism is recognized as cultural production. Settler colonialism desires to uproot Indigenous peoples from their land in a way that they can no longer uphold or recapitulate their traditions that originate from their land, and this eradication is often vividly demonstrated and duplicated across cultural production (Launius & Boyce, 2021). Indigenous peoples have been engaged in continually contending in order to preserve their linguistic attributes, cultural practices that are conventional to them, which have been susceptible and endangered by the ongoing implication coherent with settler colonialism. Through the lens of the settler colonialism framework, it can be conveniently discerned the impact of this system with reference to cultural production, thereby revealing how Indigenous peoples' contention to safeguard their cultures apart from traditions, refine this process (Spear, 2019).

Winter in the Blood: Settler’s Colonialism

James Welch's Winter in the Blood scrutinizes the consequences of settler colonialism on the Indigenous populace, particularly through the lens of Virgil First Raise, a young man (Kashyap, 2019). The novel illuminates the persistent eradication of Indigenous cultures and languages, alongside the institutionalized violence and marginalization that Indigenous peoples encounter in their daily lives. By tracing Virgil's trajectory, one can discern the profound repercussions of settler colonialism on the Indigenous individuals and their societies (Spear, 2019).

Winter in the Blood vividly portrays the deleterious consequences of settler colonialism on Indigenous individuals and their communities, exemplified through Virgil First Raise's experiences. The novel brings to the fore the perpetual erasure of Indigenous cultures and languages, as well as the structural violence and discrimination that Indigenous peoples confront in their quotidian lives. Furthermore, the novel underscores the dispossession of Indigenous lands and resources, which has engendered poverty, substance abuse, and other social maladies in Indigenous communities. It also elucidates the loss of Indigenous knowledge and cultural practices resulting from the imposition of Eurocentric values and beliefs through forced assimilation (Butler & Ben, 2021).

Winter in the Blood by James Welch elucidates and depicts the enduring ramifications of settler colonialism on Indigenous communities and the formidable obstacles they confront in safeguarding their distinct cultural and social identities. The novel further accentuates the tenacity and fortitude of Indigenous peoples in their unrelenting struggle against persistent oppression and marginalization (Wakeham, 2022).

The backdrop of Winter in the Blood revolves around the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, which is in Montana, a region attributed with a rich cultural history of Indigenous people, hence it is fair to point that almost all of the history of the place is aligned with the Indigenous tradition. The literature portrays the unrelenting challenges of Indigenous peoples to abide by their cultural annotation and primitive traditions in the face of settler colonialism (McCreary & Milligan, 2021).

The literary work in question portrays the historical context of the region through the protagonist's interactions with the land and its inhabitants. The narrative underscores the land's sanctity and its inextricable link to Indigenous culture, but it also highlights the persistent discord and dispossession that continue to afflict the region (Shadaan & Murphy, 2020). The portrayal of the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, which was once a sprawling Indigenous domain but now stands as a small and impoverished reservation, serves as a poignant reminder of the pervasive displacement and expropriation that characterized the era of settler colonialism (Curley, 2019).

The literary work adeptly illustrates the pernicious consequences of settler colonialism on Indigenous communities, particularly with regard to the depiction of destitution and despondency on the reservation. This portrayal is emblematic of the enduring ramifications of colonization, encompassing the coerced displacement of Indigenous peoples from their ancestral lands, the disruption of their socio-economic systems and cultural practices, and the imposition of hegemonic Western values and institutions (Eichler & Baumeister, 2020). The novel underscores the imperative for recognition and reconciliation between Indigenous and settler communities to foster progress towards a more equitable future.

The deleterious effects of settler colonialism on the characters in Winter in the Blood are remarkably conspicuous, as it significantly influences their identities and experiences in profound ways. The protagonist, Virgil First Raise, grapples with his Native American identity in a world that is predominantly governed by white settlers (Winter, 2019). His experiences are emblematic of the enduring aftermath of settler colonialism, as Indigenous communities persistently confront social marginalization. The narrative of Winter in the Blood successfully upholds the protagonist, Virgil, as a character grappling with a profound sense of alienation and disorientation, as he endeavours to reconcile his Indigenous identity with the dominant, settler culture that revolves around him (Rafferty, 2022). Through his experiences on the reservation, Virgil's journey serves as a poignant reflection of the enduring legacy of settler colonialism, which continues to marginalize and discriminate against Indigenous peoples in the then society. This legacy is vividly evident in the form of poverty, substance abuse, and the erosion of cultural knowledge and practices within Indigenous communities (Murphy, 2020).

Yellow Calf's character is a poignant reflection of the impact of settler colonialism on Indigenous communities. He is deeply troubled by his past experiences in a boarding school, where he was subjected to the erasure of his cultural identity and forced to conform to Eurocentric values (Tubex, Rynne & Blagg, 2021). Yellow Calf's experiences are emblematic of the persistent trauma and intergenerational effects of colonization, which continue to afflict Indigenous peoples today. His portrayal is a powerful testimony to the ongoing struggle of Indigenous communities to reclaim their cultural heritage and resist the assimilationist policies of dominant settler cultures (Evans, 2021).

The literary work by Welch unearths the persistent struggle of Native American communities to assert their rights and attain self-determination, amidst the ongoing impact of settler colonialism. The narrative underscores the imperative of acknowledging and reconciling with Indigenous peoples, alongside the criticality of revitalizing and safeguarding their intellectual and cultural traditions. In essence, the portrayal of Yellow Calf in the novel evokes a poignant testimony to the indomitable resilience of Indigenous communities in resisting assimilationist policies and reclaiming their sovereign heritage (Shadaan & Murphy, 2020).

Aside from emphasizing on the extending contention regarding settler colonialism upon the communities that are indigenous in nature, the novel also expounds on the loss of culture as well as tradition associated with the lands that belong to the indigenous community, aside from losing linguistic annotation. The protagonist depicted in the novel constantly experiences impediment in terms of losing his linguistic notion, cultural connection and tradition associated with the land, since he feels alienated absolutely by the white settlers who were dominating the land originally inherited by the indigenous community (Curley, 2019). The demise of his patriarchal figure serves as a pivotal moment in Virgil's existence, leaving him feeling untethered and forlorn. Adrift and without the invaluable aid and counsel of his father, Virgil finds himself grappling to make sense of the intricate web of social and cultural nuances that characterize life on the reservation. Consequently, he experiences a profound sense of alienation from his community and the cultural heritage that is his birth right. Virgil's identity formation is heavily influenced by his interaction with Agnes, a white woman who opens his mind to novel concepts and experiences (Shadaan & Murphy, 2020). This relationship triggers a profound introspection in Virgil, leading him to challenge his position in society and his bond with his Native heritage. This inner turmoil permeates his subconscious, as his dreams and visions amalgamate Indigenous and Western iconography. Virgil's struggle to navigate his cultural and social milieu embodies the complexities of the Native American experience in the wake of settler colonialism, highlighting the need for cultural revitalization and recognition of Indigenous rights (McCreary & Milligan, 2021).

Virgil's struggle to reconcile his dual identities is a poignant representation of the complex Native American experience in the aftermath of colonialism. Confronted by the loss of his father and the challenges posed by his relationship with Agnes, a white woman who challenges his place in society and his connection to his cultural heritage, Virgil embarks on a journey of self-discovery. He seeks to reclaim his Indigenous traditions and reconnect with his ancestral past by forging bonds with his estranged brother, Mose, and delving into his family's history (Wakeham, 2022). This process of cultural revitalization offers Virgil a sense of purpose and belonging, enabling him to construct a brighter future for himself and his community. The literary work, in question, intricately weaves the intricate and perpetual challenge of Indigenous identity amidst the backdrop of settler colonialism (McCreary & Milligan, 2021). It sheds light on the deleterious impact of dispossession on the Native American culture and identity, while also accentuating the indomitable spirit and vigor of Indigenous communities in the face of persistent marginalization and prejudice. The work, thus, presents a poignant portrayal of the ongoing struggle for cultural revitalization, and the indispensable role of reclamation in constructing a brighter future for oneself and the community at large (Butler & Ben, 2021).

The Sentence: Settler Colonialism

Winter in the Blood, a literary masterpiece, delves into the intricate nexus of settler colonialism and the prison industrial complex. The latter, a potent manifestation of the former, perpetuates systemic oppression of marginalized bodies, thereby facilitating the control and exploitation of Indigenous peoples (Launius & Boyce, 2021). The Ojibwe protagonists in the novel are caught in a constant struggle to reconcile their identity with the white world's imposition of its values and ways of life. Dispossessed of their traditional lands, these characters are coerced into living in reservations, where social problems such as poverty, addiction, and crime fester. The criminal justice system, ostensibly designed to dispense justice and safeguard citizens' rights, is complicit in perpetuating settler colonialism, denying Indigenous peoples their rights and agency (Shadaan & Murphy, 2020).

The Ojibwe characters in the novel are embroiled in a constant struggle to reconcile their identity with the imposition of the white world's values and way of life, as they are deprived of their ancestral lands and coerced into living in reservations plagued by social problems. The criminal justice system, ostensibly designed to dispense justice and safeguard citizens' rights, is complicit in perpetuating settler colonialism (Patel, 2021). This is evident in the inhumane conditions and separation from families and communities that Indigenous people endure, due to their wrongful imprisonment, which is a consequence of the deeply ingrained systemic issues within the criminal justice system. The lack of resources and support for marginalized communities further exacerbates this problem, leading to their continued oppression and marginalization (Konishi, 2019).

The intricate nexus of settler colonialism and the prison industrial complex manifests itself in the pernicious over-representation of Indigenous peoples in correctional facilities. Regrettably, Native American individuals are incarcerated at a disproportionately higher rate, a staggering 38% above the national average (Kuokkanen, 2020). The root cause of this phenomenon is not attributable to heightened criminal proclivities, but rather arises from the systemic bias and discrimination that pervades the criminal justice system. This constitutes institutional racism, an insidious force that perpetuates the dispossession of Indigenous lands, culture, and sovereignty (Truett, 2019).

The complicity of the criminal justice system in the propagation of settler colonialism is manifest in the inhumane conditions and enforced isolation from families and communities that Indigenous people endure as a result of their wrongful incarceration. This dearth of resources and support for marginalized communities exacerbates the problem, leading to their continued subjugation and marginalization. The over-representation of Indigenous peoples in correctional facilities is a manifestation of institutional racism, which perpetuates the dispossession of Indigenous lands, culture, and sovereignty (Carminati, 2021). The novel also meticulously portrays the ground reality associated with Indigenous communities when it delves into the psychological ramifications of the prison industrial complex on each of its characters, thereby illustrating the manner in which it not only afflicts individuals, but in the long run has the potency to completely act as an impediment for an integral community to be uprooted from its core if apt measures are not taken into consideration (Amoruso, Pappé & Richter-Devroe, 2019).

The resilience of Indigenous communities

After meticulously analyzing the ‘Winter in Blood’ literature an inference can be drawn that the resilience depicted by the author to portray the rigidity of indigenous community while encountering settler colonialism is the core objective and central theme of the novel. To put it in simple perspective it can be stated that not only the novel depicts the pattern in which indigenous community has managed to resist, but at the same time the magnitude of challenges faced by the indigenous people exerted by dominant settler is also captured by the literature (Ostler & Shoemaker, 2019). For the sake of preserving cultural heritage, along with community buildings that remains as a memorabilia of the glorious past, the extent of oppression and disposition experienced by the Ojibwe character throughout the story is depicted in an exemplary manner. The literature portrays the striving activity undertaken by the characters to align and abide by cultural tradition, all while concentrating upon maintaining sense of identity (Launius & Boyce, 2021).

Winter in the Blood poignantly articulates the intersectionality of settler colonialism and the prison industrial complex, which engender a systemic oppression of subaltern bodies and divest Indigenous peoples of their innate rights and agency. The carceral system's collusion in the perpetuation of settler colonialism is evinced in the inhumane conditions and enforced familial and communal isolation that Indigenous individuals suffer due to their wrongful incarceration. One instance of Indigenous resistance is exemplified through the character of Yellow Calf, who expounds Ojibwe traditions through his oratory and pedagogy (Spear, 2019). Yellow Calf's narrative discourse serves as a means of transmitting the Ojibwe dialect and cultural customs to forthcoming generations, thereby resisting the effacement of Indigenous culture and the imposition of white cultural norms (Kashyap, 2019).

Aside from that the journey undertaken by the protagonist is not only an arduous one, but at the same time it is quite enthralling in nature, since throughout the literature it is depicted under every circumstances, activities pertinent with resilience is only reflected by the character, all while navigating the complexity that a contemporary Native American individual encounters, as he contends with the linguistic loss and deletion of culture and tradition that are convention to his heritage. However, in the long run it is revealed that the character yearns for reestablishing the connection with the cultural root even though the settler colonialism’s pressure is surmounting to a greater magnitude (Butler & Ben, 2021). The novel simply emphasized upon the gravity of challenging circumstances experienced by indigenous people. The novel showcases the Indigenous writers' ability to employ literary style as a tool of resistance against the colonial narratives and assert their cultural identities. In the article, "Settler Colonialism and the Politics of Style in Indigenous Literature," Chadwick Allen explicates how Indigenous writers employ literary style to subvert the conventional colonial literary practices and challenge the dominant colonial narratives (Wakeham, 2022). By crafting their unique literary forms and opposing colonial narratives, Indigenous writers are proficient in asserting their cultural identities and contesting the persistent consequences of settler colonialism. James Welch's novel "Winter in the Blood" employs a fragmented narrative structure and a diverse range of storytelling techniques, including flashbacks and dream sequences, to effectively convey the protagonist's fragmented sense of identity and the enduring legacy of settler colonialism. Through this literary approach, Welch subverts conventional literary norms and reinforces his cultural identity and worldview, ultimately resisting the dominant colonial narrative and emphasizing the importance of Indigenous perspectives in literature (McCreary & Milligan, 2021).

The Impact of Settler Colonialism on the Characters

The characters in "Winter in the Blood" are envisioned as dealing with loss of self-identity and cultural linkages, epigenetic trauma, and eviction from homeland to other locations as a consequence of settler colonialism. During the entirety of the book, the focal character wrestles to agree and see eye to eye with his position as a Native American in a world that is prevailed over by white settlers. Aside from dealing with linguistic hindrances, the protagonist contends with the loss of conventional practices, and direct linkages pertinent to the land. The ramification of historical epigenetic trauma is also vivid in the relationships along with his familial members, who are also portrayed to be in a position where digesting the fact seems to be arduous for them regarding their own experiences of displacement, aside from trauma (Shadaan & Murphy, 2020).

The novel concentrates solitarily upon the ever-going afflictions of colonialism undertaken by the settler upon Indigenous inhabitants and the ways in which it has utterly disrupted the cultural continuity and normalcy which surmounted to intergenerational trauma. The experiences garnered by the mentioned characters solitarily upholds the gravity of the circumstances on a broader scale that is bearded by the Indigenous peoples in North America, who have been exposed to be subjected to intense stigmatization by settler colonialism, which under certain instances has even resulted into downright violence by inculcating forced assimilation policies (Curley, 2019).

The act of recognizing and attending to the historical trauma inflicted upon Indigenous communities is a crucial step towards their restoration and rejuvenation. "Winter in the Blood" highlights the significance of acknowledging the pervasive influence of settler colonialism, which has caused severe cultural dislocation and intergenerational trauma. By identifying the ways in which this phenomenon has disrupted the continuity of Indigenous customs and traditions, it becomes feasible to initiate remedial measures to counter its ill effects. This entails addressing the persisting issues of destitution, addiction, and other social maladies that afflict numerous reservations (Eichler & Baumeister, 2020).

One of the characteristics similarities that can be drawn from both the literature is the gravity of implication imposed upon indigenous community during the course of settler colonialism. In ‘Winter in the Blood,’ the relationship between protagonist with members of his family as well as community are drawn through straightened times, as a consequence of the enduring settler colonialism legacy (Winter, 2019). Not only does the focal character feels alienated, but at the same time, is also disconnected more and more as he struggles to define a sense of belongingness among the world that is predominantly prevailed by white settlers. This sense of isolation is reflected not only by the focal character but also members of the family, who like the protagonist has undergone extensive impediment and experienced the epigenetic trauma during the course of displacement (Winter, 2019). On a similar note, the characters mentioned in the other literature also emphasize the role played by colonization and the manner in which colonization has defined their way of life. Aside from experiencing existential threat, the gradual deterioration of cultural heritage and continual challenges to carve out a space within the community is encapsulated vividly in the other literature. This sense of alienation is eventually compounded to a great extent, due to pivotal factors such as internal conflicts and division which further segregated the indigenous communities’ unity and brings upon the question whether the legacy of colonization can successfully supersede the indigenous peoples’ cultural heritage. From an apparent vision it would seem that in both the literature there are abundance of similarities; however, in reality there is a fine line of difference between the style of depiction in relation to settlers colonialism between the two novels (Rafferty, 2022). Simply put, it can be stated that in ‘Winter of Blood,’ the primary focus remains stagnant on the ramifications associated with colonization on particular characters and the consequences of implication among the family member as well as the members present within the community (Tubex, Rynne & Blagg, 2021). Aside from that the degree of complexity experienced by indigenous identity at the contemporary times and gradual erosion of cultural heritage by the settler colonialism is articulated extensively by the indigenous community in terms of regaining their cultural significance. On the contrary, the other literature broadly emphasizes on settler colonialism’s implication on the indigenous community from an integral perspective. Fragmentation as well as dislocation of indigenous people from one place to another is the primary emphasis of this literature. Narrowing down to a particular character and establishing connection with the family members of the character is absolutely absent in the literature (Evans, 2021). As far as degree of violence and stigmatization is concerned and the challenges of maintaining community and rebuilding the unity of indigenous people, both the novel shared similar perspective.

Conclusion

The narratives within these novels serve to underscore the persistent and pervasive erasure of Indigenous cultures, languages, and identity; in addition to highlighting the structural violence and discrimination that Indigenous peoples continue to endure in their daily lives. Furthermore, the novels illuminate the stark reality of the loss of traditional Indigenous lands, culture, and language, as well as the arduous task of forging a sense of identity within a society dominated by white settlers. The characters within these works of literature bear witness to intergenerational trauma, displacement, and cultural loss, thereby underscoring the indelible legacy of settler colonialism and the ongoing struggle for Native American rights and sovereignty. Through their literary styles, the authors subvert colonial narratives and assert their own cultural identities and worldviews, while also emphasizing the ongoing legacy of settler colonialism and the struggle for Native American rights and sovereignty.

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