Temporal Orientation Firm Bribery and Innovation Assessment Answer

Introduction

The present report consists of a critical analysis of another report on Executives’ Temporal Orientation, Firm Bribery and Innovation. The critical analysis report is a type of report where a judgement is made about the accuracy and quality of evidence presented. It also includes going through all the procedures and tests and understanding how relevant the test was for the purpose of such a report (UH, 2022). The given report consists of research where the environment is corrupt. The trade-off needs to be decided between bribery and innovation. The report aims to provide depth-in review of the research and review the argument, hypothesis and variables presented. This report will display how effective the given report is. The coherence of the argument will be conducted. The check on the creativity and review of all the findings and conclusions will be done.

Depth and Credibility of Research

The aim of the given report is to examine whether they will choose the path where the result will be delivered today by using bribes or take the path where innovation will be performed which will be time-consuming. The research is conducted by leaders who want to know the trend of how other leaders make decisions. The data is collected from the directory of the association of small enterprises which are situated in south-eastern and southern Iran which also includes various places. The collection was also done with the help of trainees who met the CEOs of different firms and executed the data collection. From the first source, 450 firms were the sample size and from the second source, the sample size was 236 firms. The minimum sample size which is required to conduct any research is 100. This report fulfils that requirement (Bullen, 2022). There is a use of secondary data. The question which is investigated by the researchers is an interesting one as it defines how leaders can be corrupt for the work they can perform with honesty.

The Problem in Terms of Theories

The problem consists of those points which have not been properly disclosed in the study. The report might consist of some contradicting statements. The conclusion also stated two contradicting statements together, where one statement favours crowding out innovation and the other states an opposite point of view. The report has provided more information about the bribes part but the researchers have provided less detail about the importance of innovation. The report does not clearly analyse how firms' cost increases through bribes and not with innovation. The future cost of developing an innovation is not considered. A separate percentage of bribes and innovation has not been shown or analysed (McCombes & George, 2022).

Check for Consistency Between the Argument and Conclusion

The argument is about the leader, whether they use bribery or innovation for business growth. The evidence provided says that normally the leaders do not bribe. The evidence which is collected consists of some interviews conducted with some CEOs, it might not be relevant as the CEOs might lie about the practices. The conclusion of the report does not state the figures and facts which are described in the report. No clear direction is shown in the researcher's conclusion. The argument and evidence match the conclusion but the conclusion does not define a proper direction.

Coherence of the Report

It is the bridge of logic between the sentences, paragraphs and words used while writing a report. Clear headings and subheadings have been provided. The heading has been bold to highlight. The paragraphs are small and readable. A proper structure has been used in the report, making each paragraph separate and understandable.

Finding and Analysis

The report has conducted additional analysis to check the quality of the findings. An alternative analysis is conducted to the reasonability of the report's outcome. The use of other models has been executed with control variables to understand and check the accuracy of the findings of the research. It shows that the report has tried to conduct several operations to check the reliability of the report.

Use of a Commercially Appropriate Document Structure

A report should consist of a letter of transmittal, title page of the topic, abstract which summarises the research, table of contents, list of illustrations, executive summary, glossary and list of symbols, introduction, body, conclusion, recommendations, and appendix (Jamal, 2017). The list of illustrations is not provided by researchers. The abstract is presented in the report but not the executive summary. No glossary and list of symbols are provided in the report. The report does not provide any recommendation regarding the findings however some suggestions are mentioned. The commercial structure is lacking as the requirement for various headings is missing.

Analysis of Document Style, Writing Style and Referencing System

There are four types of academic document styles which are persuasive, critical, analytical, and descriptive. It is a combination of the descriptive and analytical report as it contains some words which define such a combination. The words define, summarise, record, report, compare, relate, examine, analyse and contrast (The University of Sydney, 2022). The reference style which is followed in the report is APA 7th edition as the author's last name is used first followed by the initials of the first name and the year of publication is in the brackets (Purdue University, 2022).

Effectiveness of Research

The effectiveness of the research is depicted when the report is able to meet the objectives of the reports mentioned at the beginning of the report (Hinrichs-Krapels & Grant, 2016). The aim of the given report is to examine whether they will choose the path where the result will be delivered today by using bribes or take the path where innovation will be performed which will be time-consuming. In the report, the result conducted shows 6.2% of CEOs pay extra to public officials unofficially, while 28% of CEOs said they exercise this practice very frequently, 16.4% said occasionally, 13.8% said rarely and 19.4% said very rarely and 17.1% said never. The result depicts that the aim is achieved. The research is effective research. 

Coherence of Argument

The argument with coherence is when the argument is supported with logic and facts which completely stick together with the argument represented by the given report. The argument which is presented in the report consists of detailed data from sample tests, and the application of the hypothesis, it also discusses innovation strategy and the appendix consists of a summary of the null hypothesis of various factors. Thus the argument consists of well-defined facts and logic after conducting several surveys.

Support for Argument

The supporting statement is the statement which provides backup to the claim that the report is trying to make. It consists of data, personal experience, facts, expert opinion, evidence etc. For the purpose of supporting the argument hypotheses using a three-wave multi-informant survey of 236 new small firms in Iran is conducted (Miami University, 2023).

Empirical Evidence

The empirical evidence can be defined as the information that is required for establishing the findings and these are acquired through experimentation and observation. In the report, hypotheses are used for acquiring such information. The report uses three hypotheses. After conducting such hypotheses the results were clearly stated in the report.

Analysis of Hypothesis, Variables, and Quantitative Method

The report conducted three hypotheses. The first hypothesis is the executive focuses on present trends to bribe more and the executive focuses on future trends to bribe less. The second hypothesis is that if the bribe is more, the innovation is less. The third hypothesis states that the firm which bribes partially depicts a relation between the executive temporal focus and the innovation strategy, if the executive focuses on the present he bribes more and less innovate. The appendix consists of the table and figures which are required for the purpose of evaluating the hypothesis.

Conclusion

This report is a critical review of a given report which is Executives’ Temporal Orientation, Firm Bribery and Innovation. As per analysis, the given report is a combination of the descriptive and analytical report as it contains some words which define such a combination. The APA 7th edition has been used in the report. The hypothesis supports the argument. The conclusion which is provided by the researchers is lacking clarity.

References

Bullen, P. B. (2022). How to choose the sample size (for the statistically challenged). Retrieved from https://tools4dev.org/resources/how-to-choose-a-sample-size/#:~:text=Most%20statisticians%20agree%20that%20the,to%20survey%20all%20of%20them . e%20resolved

Hinrichs-Krapels, S., & Grant, J. (2016). Exploring the effectiveness, efficiency and equity (3e’s) of research and research impact assessment. Palgrave communications , 2 (1), 1-9. https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms201690

Jamal, H. (2017). Technical report structure- sample format of a technical report Retrieved from https://www.aboutcivil.org/formal-elements-of-technical-report.html

McCombes, S. & George, T. (2022).How to Define a Research Problem | Ideas & Examples. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-problem/#:~:text=Theoretical%20research%20problems&text=A%20phenomenon%20or%20context%20that,has%20yet%20to%20be%20resolved

Miami University (2023).Argument support. Retrieved from https://www.miamioh.edu/hcwe/handouts/supporting-argument/index.html#:~:text=Support%3A%20The%20statements%20that%20back,the%20more%20persuasive%20the%20argument .

Purdue University (2022). Reference list: Basic rules. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_basic_rules.html

The University of Sydney (2022). Types of academic writing. Retrieved from https://www.sydney.edu.au/students/writing/types-of-academic-writing.html#:~:text=The%20four%20main%20types%20of,use%20more%20than%20one%20type .

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