What are Some of these Multiple Policy Objects the Australian Tax and Transfer System Tries to Achieve

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Question:Taxation Law Assignment

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You are required to write a research essay addressing all of following points: “Australia has too many taxes and too many complicated ways of delivering multiple policy objectives through the tax and transfer systems. The capacity of the legislative and operating platforms of these systems, and their human users, to deal with the resulting complexity has been overreached. The tax and transfer architecture is overburdened and beginning to fail in dealing efficiently and effectively with multiplying policy goals and demands. Rationalisation of the tax and transfer architecture should now be a strategic priority.”Discuss. What are some of these multiple policy objects the Australian tax and transfer system tries to achieve? How does the system overreach and is hence overburdened currently? How do you propose to rationalise the tax and transfer system of Australia to overcome these shortcomings?

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In order to integrate a function f(x) within a given interval, generally it is divided into some equal number of parts. Let us consider that the function is broken into n equal parts and fn = f (xn) and h = (b-a)/n whereas “a” and “b” are the given limits or the interval. A is the lower limit and b is the upper limit.

If two points are considered such as (x1, f1) and (x2, f2), from the Lagrange interpolation the following can be written ("Newton-Cotes Formulas -- From Wolfram Math world"): P2(x) = [(x-x2)/(x1-x2)]*f1 + [(x-x1)/(x2-x1)]*f2 = (x – x1 – h)/(-h) *f1 + [(x-x1)/h]*f2 = (x/h) *(f2-f1) + (f1+(x1/h)*f1 – (x1/h)*f2) The Lagrange interpolating polynomial can be written as P3(x) = [(x-x2)(x-x3)/(x1-x2)(x1-x3)]*f1 + [(x-x1)(x-x3)/(x2-x1)(x2-x3)]*f2 + [(x-x1)(x-x2)/(x3-x1)(x3-x2)]*f3 = 1/h^2{x^2(1/2 * f1 – f2+ ½ *f3) + x[- ½ (2x1 + 3h)f1 + (2x1+2h)f2 – ½ (2x1+h)f3] + [ ½ (x1+h)(x1+2h)f1-x1(x1+2h)f2+1/2 x1(x1+h)f3]} ("Newton-Cotes Formulas -- From Wolfram Math world") After integrating the above equation the following can be written: x1x5fxdx=245h7f1+3f2+3f3+f4-380h5() This is known as the Boole’s rule.

a) The given integral equation is v (x) = x3 + 0.25 05(x3+t)vdt

Here, h = 0.5 x0 = 0 x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.5 = 0.5 x2 = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1 x3 = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5 Now from Simpson’s 3/8 rule, the following can be written: 01.5(x3+t)vdt = (3*0.5)/8 [(Xn^3+0) v0+3(Xn^3 + 0.5) v1+3(Xn^3+1) v2 + (Xn^3+1.5) v3] Therefore, from the main integral equation, it can be written that V (Xn) = Xn^3 + 0.25[(3*0.5)/8 {(Xn^3+0) v0+3(Xn^3 + 0.5) v1+3(Xn^3+1) v2 + (Xn^3+1.5) v3}] Now, substituting X0 = 0, x1 = 0.5, x2 = 1 and x3 = 1.5, the followings can be written: V0 = 0.0703125v1 + 0.140625v2+0.1953125v3 V1 = 0.125 + 0.005859v0 + 0.08789v1+ 0.158203v2+0.0761718v3 V2 = 1+0.046875v0 + 0.2109375v1+0.28125v2+0.1171875v3 V3 = 3.375 + 0.1582v0+6.921875v1+0.61523v2+0.22851v3 By solving the above four equations, the followings can be obtained V0 = -6.63980987677947 V1 = -3.1896396387399073 V2 = -4.7730785407988545 V3 = -29.41093974978935 Hence the integral equation can be written as V(x) = -1.8096351x^3 + 0.28125

b) from the above answers it can be clearly seen that all the answers are consistent.

3. The systems of coupled equations that are given are written below: xt= ?xt-ty(t) yt= ?xtyt- ?y(t) Here, =4 =2 =3 And =3 h = 0.01 and interval [0, 10]

Here, x0 = 2 y0 = 1 The solution is given in the below table: Table 1

x	y=f(x)
2	1
3.96	12.6816
5.92	32.0464
7.88	59.0944
9.84	93.8256
11.8	136.24
13.76	186.3376
15.72	244.1184
17.68	309.5824
19.64	382.7296
21.6	463.56
23.56	552.0736
25.52	648.2704
27.48	752.1504
29.44	863.7136
31.4	982.96
33.36	1,109.8896
35.32	1,244.5024
37.28	1,386.7984
39.24	1,536.7776
41.2	1,694.44
43.16	1,859.7856
45.12	2,032.8144
47.08	2,213.5264
49.04	2,401.9216
51	2,598
52.96	2,801.7616
54.92	3,013.2064
56.88	3,232.3344
58.84	3,459.1456
60.8	3,693.64
62.76	3,935.8176
64.72	4,185.6784
66.68	4,443.2224
68.64	4,708.4496
70.6	4,981.36
72.56	5,261.9536
74.52	5,550.2304
76.48	5,846.1904
78.44	6,149.8336
80.4	6,461.16
82.36	6,780.1696
84.32	7,106.8624
86.28	7,441.2384
88.24	7,783.2976
90.2	8,133.04
92.16	8,490.4656
94.12	8,855.5744
96.08	9,228.3664
98.04	9,608.8416
100	9,997

Figure 1

b) Here, x0 = 2

y0 = 20 The solution is given in the below table: Table 2

x	y=f(x)
2	20
3.96	31.6816
5.92	51.0464
7.88	78.0944
9.84	112.8256
11.8	155.24
13.76	205.3376
15.72	263.1184
17.68	328.5824
19.64	401.7296
21.6	482.56
23.56	571.0736
25.52	667.2704
27.48	771.1504
29.44	882.7136
31.4	1,001.96
33.36	1,128.8896
35.32	1,263.5024
37.28	1,405.7984
39.24	1,555.7776
41.2	1,713.44
43.16	1,878.7856
45.12	2,051.8144
47.08	2,232.5264
49.04	2,420.9216
51	2,617
52.96	2,820.7616
54.92	3,032.2064
56.88	3,251.3344
58.84	3,478.1456
60.8	3,712.64
62.76	3,954.8176
64.72	4,204.6784
66.68	4,462.2224
68.64	4,727.4496
70.6	5,000.36
72.56	5,280.9536
74.52	5,569.2304
76.48	5,865.1904
78.44	6,168.8336
80.4	6,480.16
82.36	6,799.1696
84.32	7,125.8624
86.28	7,460.2384
88.24	7,802.2976
90.2	8,152.04
92.16	8,509.4656
94.12	8,874.5744
96.08	9,247.3664
98.04	9,627.8416
100	10,016

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

The given third order differential equation is

d3y/dx3 + 3d2y/dx2 + x dy/dx= x2y It is considered that x1 = y x2 = dy/dx And x3 = d2y/dx2 Differentiating the above equations, the followings can be written: x1’ = dy/dx = x2 x2’ = d2y/dx2 = x3 x3’ = d3y/dx3 = x3 = x2x1 – 3x2-xx2 The first order differential equations along with their initial values are written below: x1’ = x2 x1(0)=2 x2’ = x3 x2(0)=1 x3’ = x2x1 – 3x2-xx2 x3(0) = -1

These equations arte solved using the algorithm or Range-Kutta method ( 4 order ). The method is given below:

Let us again consider the first order initial value problem to be dydx=fx,y, yx0=y0 Range-Kutta method is another numerical method of solving differential equations. This method is also known as predictor-corrector method. The Range-Kutta method can be explained with the help of following expressions: xn+1 =xn+h yn+1 =yn+k1+2k2+2k3+k46 Where, k1 = hf(xn,yn) k2 = hf(xn+h2,yn+k12) k3 = hf(xn+h2,yn+k22) k4 = hf(xn+h,yn+k3) For the first equation, the calculation is done in the table: x1’ = x2 x1(0)=2 Table 3

x	y=f(x)
0	2
0.06	2.0018
0.12	2.0072
0.18	2.0162
0.24	2.0288
0.3	2.045
0.36	2.0648
0.42	2.0882
0.48	2.1152
0.54	2.1458
0.6	2.18
0.66	2.2178
0.72	2.2592
0.78	2.3042
0.84	2.3528
0.9	2.405
0.96	2.4608
1.02	2.5202
1.08	2.5832
1.14	2.6498
1.2	2.72
1.26	2.7938
1.32	2.8712
1.38	2.9522
1.44	3.0368
1.5	3.125
1.56	3.2168
1.62	3.3122
1.68	3.4112
1.74	3.5138
1.8	3.62
1.86	3.7298
1.92	3.8432
1.98	3.9602
2.04	4.0808
2.1	4.205
2.16	4.3328
2.22	4.4642
2.28	4.5992
2.34	4.7378
2.4	4.88
2.46	5.0258
2.52	5.1752
2.58	5.3282
2.64	5.4848
2.7	5.645
2.76	5.8088
2.82	5.9762
2.88	6.1472
2.94	6.3218
3	6.5

Figure 5 For the second equation, the calculation is done in the table: x2’ = x3 x2(0)=1 Table 4

x	y=f(x)
0	1
0.06	1.0018
0.12	1.0072
0.18	1.0162
0.24	1.0288
0.3	1.045
0.36	1.0648
0.42	1.0882
0.48	1.1152
0.54	1.1458
0.6	1.18
0.66	1.2178
0.72	1.2592
0.78	1.3042
0.84	1.3528
0.9	1.405
0.96	1.4608
1.02	1.5202
1.08	1.5832
1.14	1.6498
1.2	1.72
1.26	1.7938
1.32	1.8712
1.38	1.9522
1.44	2.0368
1.5	2.125
1.56	2.2168
1.62	2.3122
1.68	2.4112
1.74	2.5138
1.8	2.62
1.86	2.7298
1.92	2.8432
1.98	2.9602
2.04	3.0808
2.1	3.205
2.16	3.3328
2.22	3.4642
2.28	3.5992
2.34	3.7378
2.4	3.88
2.46	4.0258
2.52	4.1752
2.58	4.3282
2.64	4.4848
2.7	4.645
2.76	4.8088
2.82	4.9762
2.88	5.1472
2.94	5.3218
3	5.5

Figure 6 For the second equation, the calculation is done in the table: x3’ = x2x1 – 3x2-xx2 x3(0) = -1 Table 5

x	y=f(x)
0	-1
0.06	-1.996858
0.12	-2.995264
0.18	-3.976966
0.24	-4.923712
0.3	-5.81725
0.36	-6.639328
0.42	-7.371694
0.48	-7.996096
0.54	-8.494282
0.6	-8.848
0.66	-9.038998
0.72	-9.049024
0.78	-8.859826
0.84	-8.453152
0.9	-7.81075
0.96	-6.914368
1.02	-5.745754
1.08	-4.286656
1.14	-2.518822
1.2	-0.424
1.26	2.016062
1.32	4.819616
1.38	8.004914
1.44	11.590208
1.5	15.59375
1.56	20.033792
1.62	24.928586
1.68	30.296384
1.74	36.155438
1.8	42.524
1.86	49.420322
1.92	56.862656
1.98	64.869254
2.04	73.458368
2.1	82.64825
2.16	92.457152
2.22	102.903326
2.28	114.005024
2.34	125.780498
2.4	138.248
2.46	151.425782
2.52	165.332096
2.58	179.985194
2.64	195.403328
2.7	211.60475
2.76	228.607712
2.82	246.430466
2.88	265.091264
2.94	284.608358
3	305

Figure 7

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